Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo: Difference between revisions
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==== Voice ==== | ==== Voice ==== | ||
==== Tense and aspect ==== | ==== Tense and aspect ==== | ||
Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably four basic tenses (past, present, frequentative and habitual); and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and two aspects (progressive and perfect) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means, plus several combinations of the aforementioned. In the following table, the frequentative has been grouped together with the aspects for ease of representation. The affixes marked with <span style="color:Blue">blue</span> go together with front vowel words, and the ones in <span style="color:Red">red</span> with back vowel words. If a word has only neutral vowels, the affix that stands first in the morphology column will be used. | Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably four basic tenses (past, present, frequentative and habitual); and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and two aspects (progressive and perfect) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means, plus several combinations of the aforementioned.<br><br> | ||
In the following table, the frequentative has been grouped together with the aspects for ease of representation. The affixes marked with <span style="color:Blue">blue</span> go together with front vowel words, and the ones in <span style="color:Red">red</span> with back vowel words. If a word has only neutral vowels, the affix that stands first in the morphology column will be used. | |||
{| | {| | ||
! Tense | ! Tense | ||
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! Example (using the verbs ''opk'ūja'' (sit) and ''kwedi'' (hear)) | ! Example (using the verbs ''opk'ūja'' (sit) and ''kwedi'' (hear)) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Remote Past || || -<span style="color:Red">oCo</span><sup>1</sup> <br> -<span style="color:Blue">öCö</span><sup>1</sup> || opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago <br> kwedödö - heard a long time ago | | Remote Past || - || -<span style="color:Red">oCo</span><sup>1</sup> <br> -<span style="color:Blue">öCö</span><sup>1</sup> || opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago <br> kwedödö - heard a long time ago | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Past || || -<span style="color:Red">o</span> <br> -<span style="color:Blue">ö</span> || opk'ūjo - sat <br> kwedö - heard | | Past || - || -<span style="color:Red">o</span> <br> -<span style="color:Blue">ö</span> || opk'ūjo - sat <br> kwedö - heard | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Present || || -ng || opk'ūjang - sits <br> kweding - hears | | Present || - || -ng || opk'ūjang - sits <br> kweding - hears | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Future || || k'ūdi VERB || k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit <br> k'ūdi kwedi - will hear | | Future || - || k'ūdi VERB || k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit <br> k'ūdi kwedi - will hear | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Remote Future || || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future | | Remote Future || - || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future | ||
|- | |||
| Habitual || - || - || opk'ūja - usually sits <br> kwedi - usually hears | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Remote Past || Progressive || | | Remote Past || Progressive || | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| Remote Future || Perfect || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future | | Remote Future || Perfect || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future | ||
|- | |||
| Habitual || Perfect || ut VERB || ut opk'ūja - have/had usually sut <br> ut kwedi - have/had usually heard | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Remote Past || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">dödö</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">dodo</span> || opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago <br> kwedidödö - repeatedly heard things long ago | | Remote Past || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">dödö</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">dodo</span> || opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago <br> kwedidödö - repeatedly heard things long ago | ||
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| Past || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">dö</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">do</span> || opk'ūjado - sat around <br> kwedidö - repeatedly heard things | | Past || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">dö</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">do</span> || opk'ūjado - sat around <br> kwedidö - repeatedly heard things | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Present || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue"> | | Present || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">ding</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">dung</span> || opk'ūjadung - sit around <br> kwediding - repeatedly hear things | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Future || Frequentative || k'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> k'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Red">du</span> || k'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around <br> k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly | | Future || Frequentative || k'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> k'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Red">du</span> || k'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around <br> k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Remote Future || Frequentative || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Red">du</span> || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future | | Remote Future || Frequentative || k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-<span style="color:Red">du</span> || k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around in the far future <br> k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future | ||
|- | |||
| Habitual || Frequentative || -<span style="color:Blue">di</span> <br> -<span style="color:Red">du</span> || opk'ūjadu - usually sits around <br> kwedidi - usually hears things repeatedly | |||
|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup>The C stands for a consonant that is the same as the previous consonant in the word. | <sup>1</sup>The C stands for a consonant that is the same as the previous consonant in the word.<br><br> | ||
The frequentative can have the meaning of just doing something repeatedly, or doing something repeatedly and in several locations. For example ''myosyak'yadung'' can either mean "to jump around", or "to jump up and down at the same spot". | |||
Revision as of 07:29, 22 April 2010
| Proto-Kunnurūjungo | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | /-kunːu*ruːdʒuŋːo/ |
| Timeline and Universe: | |
| Species: | Human |
| Spoken: | |
| Total speakers: | |
| Writing system: | |
| Genealogy: | |
| Typology | |
| Morphology: | Agglutinative |
| Morphosyntax: | Ergative |
| Word order: | SOV |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Qwynegold |
| Created: | April 2010 |
Phonology
Phoneme inventory
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | |||||||||||||
| Plain Plosive | /p/ | [b] | /t/ | [d] | /k/ | [ɡ] | ||||||||||
| Asp. or Gem. Plosive | /pː/ | /pʰ/ | /tː/ | /tʰ/ | /kː/ | /kʰ/ | ||||||||||
| Plain Fricative | /f/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ | /h/ | ||||||||||
| Long Fricative | /sː/ | |||||||||||||||
| Affricate | /ts/ | /tʃ/ | /dʒ/ | |||||||||||||
| Rhotic | /*r/1 | |||||||||||||||
| Lat. Approximant | [l] | |||||||||||||||
| Long Lat. Approximant | [lː] | |||||||||||||||
1The exact quality of the rhotic is unknown.
| Monophthongs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | |||||||||
| High | /i/ | /y/ | /u/ | /uː/ | ||||||
| Mid | /e/ | /ø/ | /o/ | /oː/ | ||||||
| Low | /ɑ/ | |||||||||
| Diphthongs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front-Front | Front-Back | Back-Front | Back-Back | |||||||
| High | /ju/ | /juː/ | /wi/ | /wy/ | /wuː/ | |||||
| Mid | /je/ | /jo/ | /joː/ | /we/ | /ue/ | /wø/ | /wo/ | |||
| Opening Low | /jɑ/ | /wɑ/ | ||||||||
| Closing Low | /ɑi/ | /ɑu/ | ||||||||
Allophony
- The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.
- The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.
- The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.
Phonological constraints
The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnurūjungo is (O)V(C) where C is any short consonant and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.
- The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.
Romanization
A a, B b, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, Kk kk, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Ng ng, Nn nn, O o, Ō ō, Ö ö, P p, Ph ph, Pp pp, R r, S s, Sh sh, Ss ss, T t, Th th, Ts ts, Tt tt, U u, Ū ū, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh
| Letter | Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|
| A a | ɑ | |
| B b | b | |
| Ch ch | tʃ | |
| D d | d | |
| E e | e | |
| F f | f | |
| G g | ɡ | |
| H h | h | |
| I i | i | |
| J j | dʒ | |
| K k | k | |
| Kh kh | kʰ | |
| Kk kk | kː | |
| L l | l | |
| Ll ll | lː | |
| M m | m | |
| N n | n | |
| Ng ng | ŋ | |
| Nn nn | nː | |
| O o | o | |
| Ō ō | oː | |
| Ö ö | ø | |
| P p | p | |
| Ph ph | pʰ | |
| Pp pp | pː | |
| R r | *r | |
| S s | s | |
| Sh sh | ʃ | |
| Ss ss | sː | |
| T t | t | |
| Th th | tʰ | |
| Ts ts | ts | |
| Tt tt | tː | |
| U u | u | |
| Ū ū | uː | |
| Ü ü | y | |
| W w | w | |
| Y y | j | |
| Z z | z | |
| Zh zh | ʒ |
The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.
Grammars
Verbs
Voice
Tense and aspect
Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably four basic tenses (past, present, frequentative and habitual); and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and two aspects (progressive and perfect) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means, plus several combinations of the aforementioned.
In the following table, the frequentative has been grouped together with the aspects for ease of representation. The affixes marked with blue go together with front vowel words, and the ones in red with back vowel words. If a word has only neutral vowels, the affix that stands first in the morphology column will be used.
| Tense | Aspect | Morphology | Example (using the verbs opk'ūja (sit) and kwedi (hear)) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remote Past | - | -oCo1 -öCö1 |
opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago kwedödö - heard a long time ago |
| Past | - | -o -ö |
opk'ūjo - sat kwedö - heard |
| Present | - | -ng | opk'ūjang - sits kweding - hears |
| Future | - | k'ūdi VERB | k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit k'ūdi kwedi - will hear |
| Remote Future | - | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB | k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future |
| Habitual | - | - | opk'ūja - usually sits kwedi - usually hears |
| Remote Past | Progressive | ||
| Past | Progressive | ||
| Present | Progressive | ||
| Future | Progressive | ||
| Remote Future | Progressive | ||
| Remote Past | Perfect | ut VERB-oCo1 ut VERB-öCö1 |
ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago ut kwedödö - had heard long ago |
| Past | Perfect | ut VERB-o ut VERB-ö |
ut opk'ūjo - had sut ut kwedö - had heard |
| Present | Perfect | ut VERB-ng | ut opk'ūjang - have sut ut kweding - have heard |
| Future | Perfect | k'ūdi VERB-ng | k'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut k'ūdi kweding - will have heard |
| Remote Future | Perfect | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng | k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future |
| Habitual | Perfect | ut VERB | ut opk'ūja - have/had usually sut ut kwedi - have/had usually heard |
| Remote Past | Frequentative | -dödö -dodo |
opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago kwedidödö - repeatedly heard things long ago |
| Past | Frequentative | -dö -do |
opk'ūjado - sat around kwedidö - repeatedly heard things |
| Present | Frequentative | -ding -dung |
opk'ūjadung - sit around kwediding - repeatedly hear things |
| Future | Frequentative | k'ūdi VERB-di k'ūdi VERB-du |
k'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly |
| Remote Future | Frequentative | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-di k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-du |
k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future |
| Habitual | Frequentative | -di -du |
opk'ūjadu - usually sits around kwedidi - usually hears things repeatedly |
1The C stands for a consonant that is the same as the previous consonant in the word.
The frequentative can have the meaning of just doing something repeatedly, or doing something repeatedly and in several locations. For example myosyak'yadung can either mean "to jump around", or "to jump up and down at the same spot".
