Degrees of volition: Difference between revisions
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force, it is in the ''instrumental'' case, and the verb does not carry an | force, it is in the ''instrumental'' case, and the verb does not carry an | ||
agent agreement marker. The latter is the only degree of volition possible | agent agreement marker. The latter is the only degree of volition possible | ||
with an inanimate | with an inanimate ?agent?. With verbs of perception, dative case marks | ||
cursory perception, and agentive case marks deliberate observation. Some | cursory perception, and agentive case marks deliberate observation. Some | ||
examples: | examples: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
{| | {| | ||
| (1b) || '''Ibretara | | (1b) || '''Ibretara on nderon am phath.''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || AOR-break-3SG:P-3SG:A M-DAT man-DAT I-OBJ knife-OBJ | | || AOR-break-3SG:P-3SG:A M-DAT man-DAT I-OBJ knife-OBJ | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| | {| | ||
|(1c) || '''Ibreta | |(1c) || '''Ibreta ømil nderømil am phath.''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| || AOR-break-3SG:P M-INST man-INST I-OBJ knife-OBJ | | || AOR-break-3SG:P M-INST man-INST I-OBJ knife-OBJ | ||
|} | |} | ||
All three sentences can be translated as | All three sentences can be translated as ?The man broke the knife?, but | ||
(1b) emphasizes that the man did not mean to break the knife, but broke it | (1b) emphasizes that the man did not mean to break the knife, but broke it | ||
accidentally, and (1c) that he was forced to break the knife. | accidentally, and (1c) that he was forced to break the knife. | ||
Revision as of 11:22, 10 October 2005
Degrees of volition are a category of the noun that is expressed by various subject cases or other formal means in some languages, such as Tokana and the Albic languages. (There may be natlangs with degree-of-volition marking, but I know of none.)
In Old Albic, the degree of volition of an agent is marked by the case the agent appears in. If the agent acts out of its own volition, it is in the agentive case. This is the unmarked degree. If it acts accidentally, it is in the dative case. If its action is the result of an external force, it is in the instrumental case, and the verb does not carry an agent agreement marker. The latter is the only degree of volition possible with an inanimate ?agent?. With verbs of perception, dative case marks cursory perception, and agentive case marks deliberate observation. Some examples:
| (1a) | Ibretara o ndero am phath. |
| AOR-break-3SG:P-3SG:A M-AGT man-AGT I-OBJ knife-OBJ |
| (1b) | Ibretara on nderon am phath. |
| AOR-break-3SG:P-3SG:A M-DAT man-DAT I-OBJ knife-OBJ |
| (1c) | Ibreta ømil nderømil am phath. |
| AOR-break-3SG:P M-INST man-INST I-OBJ knife-OBJ |
All three sentences can be translated as ?The man broke the knife?, but (1b) emphasizes that the man did not mean to break the knife, but broke it accidentally, and (1c) that he was forced to break the knife.
The same kind of degree-of-volition marking applies to agentive intransitives.
See also fluid-S.
