Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Lexeme
! FM example !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mari !! [[Permic]] !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! Mordv. !! Mari !! [[Permic]] !! Hungarian !! Mansi !! Khanty !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9" | *a<sub>1</sub>: S. *ó, Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. ''a'', Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å
! colspan="10" | *a<sub>1</sub>: S. *ó, Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. ''a'', Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å
|-
|-
| "bit"
| "bit"
| F. pala || *pólé || '''*pultəš''' || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| F. pala || *pólé || pal || '''*pultəš''' || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole". | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
| Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole". | Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to open"
| Er. panžo- || *póncé || style="color:red"| *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
| - || *póncé || Er. panžo- || style="color:red"| *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
|-
|-
| "pot"
| "pot"
| F. pata || - || *paat || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
| F. pata || - || - || *paat || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
|-
|-
| "young deer"
| "young deer"
| Mk. śarda || - || *šaarðɤ || - || - || *suurtə || *suurtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
| - || - || Mk. śarda || *šaarðɤ || - || - || *suurtə || *suurtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
|-
|-
| "to scoop"
| "to scoop"
| F. amme- || - || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
| F. amme- || - || Er. amuĺa- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
|-
|-
| "marsh"
| "marsh"
| F. aro || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
| F. aro || - || - || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
| F. askel- || - || *aaškəl- || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| F. askel- || - || Er. aśkiĺa- || *aaškəl- || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| Smy. *a → ä before a palzd. coda.
| Smy. *a → ä before a palzd. coda.
|-
|-
| "gadfly"
| "gadfly"
| Es. parm || '''*poaró''' || *paarmə || - || - || - || O. puurəm || -
| Es. parm || '''*poaró''' || Mk. '''purom''' || *paarmə || - || - || - || O. puurəm || -
| F. '''paarma''' (affectiv?), Mo. '''purom''' (cf. S.)
| F. '''paarma''' (affectiv?)
|-
|-
| "twig"
| "twig"
| - || *tórkɤ || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuuɣər || -
| - || *tórkɤ || - || Me. tor || - || - || - || *tuuɣər || -
|-
|-
| "mountain"
| "mountain"
| - || '''*váré''' || - || *vɤɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| - || '''*váré''' || - || - || *vɤɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial <!--Permic is also K. "forest", U. "hill".-->
| P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial <!--Permic is also K. "forest", U. "hill".-->
|-
|-
| "aunt, older sister"
| "aunt, older sister"
| - || - || - || K. ob || - || *uup || '''*opə''' || *åpå
| - || - || - || - || K. ob || - || *uup || '''*opə''' || *åpå
|-
|-
| "thru"
| "thru"
| Mk. pačk || - || - || K. pɯšji || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| F. pahki || - || Mk. pačk || - || K. pɯšji || - || *puuš || - || Se. ''pooč''
| P. labial dissim; check Se.
| P. labial dissim; check Se.
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
| Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || - || *šuuš- || ''*čooč-'' || *čåčä-
| - || - || Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || ''*čooč-'' || *čåčä-
| Kh. ''*oo'' after ''*č''?
| Kh. ''*oo'' after ''*č''?
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| Mk. šavo- || '''*cáŋmé-''' || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || ''*čooŋk-'' || *čåŋå-
| - || '''*cáŋmé-''' || Mk. šavo- || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || ''*čooŋk-'' || *čåŋå-
| Ms. transfer of labialization? Kh. ''*oo'' after ''*č''?
| Ms. transfer of labialization? Kh. ''*oo'' after ''*č''?
|-
|-
| "village"
| "village"
| F. palva- || - || - || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| F. palva- || - || - || - || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || *kaaja- || - || - || *kuuj ? || - || *kåjå
| F. kaja- || NS guoje || Er. kaje- || *kaaja- || - || - || *kuuj ? || - || *kåjå
| Ms. "dawn", fits better here than with F. koi
| Ms. "dawn", fits better here than with F. koi
|-
|-
| "to peel"
| "to peel"
| Mk. vatka- || *vótké- || *waatka- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
| - || *vótké- || Mk. vatka- || *waatka- || - || - || - || - || Ne. waataa-
| F. vatka- "to whip" more probably from *wačka- "beat"
|-
|-
| "to present"
| "to present"
| Mk. kaźe- || - || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
| - || - || Mk. kaźe- || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || ''*koajvó-'' || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| F. kaiva- || ''*koajvó-'' || kaja- || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
|-
|-
| "to thro"
| "to thro"
| Mo. kaja- || - || - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
| - || - || kaja- ||  - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
|-
| "foot"
| "foot"
| F. jalka || *jólké || *jaal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
| F. jalka || *jólké || jalgo || *jaal || - || ɟalog || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to bild"
| "to bild"
| F. rakenta- || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| F. rakenta- || - || - || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| Or F. rather ← Gmc *rakjan
|-
|-
| "to grasp"
| "to grasp"
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
| F. tarttu- || - || - || - || - || tart- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "penis"
| "penis"
| - || *póčɤ || - || - || fas || - || - || -
| - || *póčɤ || - || - || - || fas || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "roof"
| "roof"
| F. lakka || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| F. lakka || - || - || - || - || lak- || - || - || -
| H. "to dwell"
| H. "to dwell"
|-
|-
| "brain"
| "brain"
| F. aivo || *vójŋé || - || - || aɟ|| - || - || -
| F. aivo || *vójŋé || - || - || - || aɟ || - || - || -
| Mk. ''uj'' ← *ojwa?
| Mk. ''uj'' rather ← *ojwa?
|-
|-
| "to sink"
| "to sink"
| F. vajo- || *vójó- || - || *vɤɤj(ɯ)- || '''vejse-''' || style="color:red"| *uuj- || - || -
| F. vajo- || *vójó- || vaja- || - || *vɤɤj(ɯ)- || '''vejse-''' || style="color:red"| *uuj- || - || -
| P. labial dissim.
| P. labial dissim.
|-
|-
| "hard"
| "hard"
| - || '''*čárés''' || - || *ćoorɯd <!--ćurɯt ~ ćorɯd--> || - || - || - || *sårə
| - || '''*čárés''' || - || - || *ćoorɯd <!--ćurɯt ~ ćorɯd--> || - || - || - || *sårə
|-
|-
| "to shoot"
| "to shoot"
| F. ampa- || '''ámpo-''' || - || U. ɯb- || - || - || - || -
| F. ampa- || - || - || - || U. ɯb- || - || - || - || -
| S. ← F? P. labial dissim.
| S. ''*ámpó-'' ← F? P. labial dissim?
|-
|-
| "with"
| "with"
| F. kanssa || - || - || *gooz || - || - || - || -
| F. kanssa || - || - || - || *gooz || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "rump"
| "rump"
| Mk. kaska || - || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
| - || - || Er. <font color="red">kaśke</font><br/> ~ Mk. kaska || - || *koos || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to roast"
| "to roast"
| F. '''paahta-''' || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || - || - || -
| F. '''paahta-''' || - || - || - || *pɤɤž- || - || - || - || -
| P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
| P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
|-
|-
| "to drive"
| "to drive"
| F. aja- || vójé- || - || *ooj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| F. aja- || vójé- || - || - || *ooj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
|-
|-
| "series"
| "series"
| F. sarja || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
| F. sarja || - || - || - || *śoor || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "smell"
| "smell"
| Võ. katsk || - || - || K. kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| Võ. katsk || - || kačam(o) || - || K. kočɯs || - || - || - || -
| Cf. "bitter"
| Cf. "bitter"
|-   
|-   
| "hole"   
| "hole"   
| - || - || *raaž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *raaž || K. roź || '''rees''' || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "currant"
| "currant"
| - || - || *šaaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *šaaptər || U. suter ~<br/>K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| Cf. Gmc *sap ??
| Cf. Gmc *sap ??
|-
|-
| "to close"
| "to close"
| - || - || *paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
| P. labial dissim.
| P. labial dissim.
|-
|-
| "rake"
| "rake"
| F. hara || *sóré || *šaar || - || - || - || - || -
| F. hara, harkki || *sóré || Er. čarkoďe- || *šaar || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "opposite"
| "opposite"
| F. vasta || *vósté || *waašta || - || - || - || - || -
| F. vasta || *vósté || vasta- || *waašta || - || - || - || - || -
|-
| "wet"
| F. nahka "leather" || *ńóské || Mk. načka || *naačkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|-
|-
| "to grind"
| "to grind"
| F. jauha- || - || *jaaŋɤže- || - || - || - || - || -
| F. jauha- || - || jaža- || *jaaŋɤže- || - || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "fishing net"
| "fishing net"
| F. vata || - || *waat || - || - || - || - || -
| F. vata || - || - || *waat || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc?
| ← Gmc?
|-
| "wet"
| Mk. načka || *ńóské || *naačkə || - || - || - || ('''*ńašak''') || -
| Khanty "raw" may not belong
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| *a<sub>2</sub>: Same except Ma. *o, P. *uu, H. ''aa'', Kh. *aa
! colspan="10"| *a<sub>2</sub>: Same except Ma. *o, P. *uu, H. ''aa'', Kh. *aa
|-
|-
| "to steal"
| "to steal"
| F. sala- || *sól-ɤk || *šolə- || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
| F. sala- || *sól-ɤk || sala- || *šolə- || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || - || K. kulɤm || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| F. kalin || - || - || - || K. kulɤm || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| Cf. "fish"
| Cf. "fish"
|-
|-
| "to dry"
| "to dry"
| - || - || - || *śuur- || saar- || style="color:green"| *šuur- || #saar- || -
| - || - || - || - || *śuur- || saar- || style="color:green"| *šuur- || #saar- || -
|-
|-
| "to spend a night"
| "to spend a night"
| - || - || - || U. '''kɤl''' ~ K. '''kol''' || haal- || *kuul- || *kaal- || -
| - || - || - || - || U. '''kɤl''' ~ K. '''kol''' || haal- || *kuul- || *kaal- || -
|-
|-
| "to bark"
| "to bark"
| - || - || *optə- || *uut- || - || *uut- || *aapət- || -
| - || - || - || *optə- || *uut- || - || *uut- || *aapət- || -
|-
|-
| "low ground"
| "low ground"
| - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| - || - || - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
|-
|-
| "to conjure"
| "to conjure"
| Er. al(s)ta- || - || style="color:#D08000"| '''*ulte-''' || - || aald- || - || *aaləɬ- || -
| - || - || Er. al(s)ta- || style="color:#D08000"| '''*ulte-''' || - || aald- || - || *aaləɬ- || -
|-
|-
| "white"
| "white"
| Mk. akša || - || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
| Es. hahk || - || Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
|-
| "rodent"
| "rodent"
| Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| - || - || Mk. maksa- || - || - || - || - || *maaɣ || -
| Weak.  Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
| Weak.  Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
|-
|-
| "to beat soft"
| "to beat soft"
| F. vanu- || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
| F. vanu- || - || - || - || - || vaańol- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "hind"
| "hind"
| - || - || -|| - || aaɟeek || style="color:red"| *uunć || - || -
| - || - || - || -|| - || aaɟeek || style="color:red"| *uunć || - || -
|-
|-
| "to sit"
| "to sit"
| - || - || - || - || - || *uunl/t- || *aaməs/t- || *åmtə-
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *uunl/t- || *aaməs/t- || *åmtə-
|-
|-
| "hard sno"
| "hard sno"
| || ''(*jɤsɤ)'' || *jož || *juuž || - || - || - || -
| - || ''(*jɤsɤ)'' || - || *jož || *juuž || - || - || - || -
| S. "remaining sno" may not belong
| S. "remaining sno" may not belong
|-
|-
| "to receive"
| "to receive"
| F. saa- || NW '''*sákɤ-''' || ''*šoo-'' || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| F. saa- || NW '''*sákɤ-''' || Mk. sajə- || ''*šoo-'' || K. su- || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
| *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
|-
|-
| "to stand"
| "to stand"
| Liv. saiso- || *čónčó- || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || '''*tensə-'''
| Liv. saiso- || *čónčó- || - || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || '''*tensə-'''
| Finnish '''seiso-'''. Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
| F. '''seiso-'''. Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"|Mari, Permic, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
! colspan="10"|Mari, Permic, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
|-
|-
| "to carry"
| "to carry"
| F. kanta- || *kónté- || ''*kaande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
| F. kanta- || *kónté- || kan(do)- || ''*kaande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| F. kato- || *kóðé- || ''*koðV-'' || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || ''haɟ-'' || *kuuĺ- || ''*kaaj-'' || *kåjä-
| F. kato- || *kóðé- || kado- || ''*koðV-'' || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || ''haɟ-'' || *kuuĺ- || ''*kaaj-'' || *kåjä-
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
|-
|-
| "fish"
| "fish"
| F. kala || *kólé || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| F. kala || *kólé || kal || ''*kol'' || - || ''hal'' || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
|-
| "crust"
| "crust"
| F. kamara || - || ''*kom'' || ''*koomVĺ'' <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| ''haaml-'' || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| F. kamara || - || - || ''*kom'' || ''*koomVĺ'' <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| ''haaml-'' || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| U. also kɤm
| U. also kɤm
|-
|-
| "flood, lake"
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || - || style="color:red"| ''*šoor'' || ''aar'' || *tuur || ''*ɬaar'' || -
| F. sarajas || - ||  || - || style="color:red"| ''*šoor'' || ''aar'' || *tuur || ''*ɬaar'' || -
| ← II *sáras; separately in P.?
| ← II *sáras; separately in P.?
|-
|-
| "to burst"
| "to burst"
| F. pakahtu- || - || - || - || ''fakad-'' || - || ''*paaɣ-'' || -
| F. pakahtu- || - ||  || - || - || fakad- || - || ''*paaɣ-'' || -
|-
|-
| "groove"
| "groove"
| F. latu || - || ''*laaðo'' || K. ''lu'' || - || - || - || -
| F. latu || - || - || ''*laaðo'' || K. ''lu'' || - || - || - || -
| ← Baltic?
| ← Baltic?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
Line 251: Line 253:
|-
|-
| "rotten"
| "rotten"
| - || - || *kaaškə- || *kuuź <!--kuź ~ kuj--> || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *kaaškə- || *kuuź <!--kuź ~ kuj--> || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to gro"
| "to gro"
| - || - || *paaše- || *puušjɯ- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *paaše- || *puušjɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to ask"
| "to ask"
| - || - || *jaada- || *juual- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *jaada- || *juual- || - || - || - || -
| P. ← *-uuða- ?
| P. ← *-uuða- ?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"|Indistinct *a
! colspan="9"|Indistinct *a
|-
| "death"
| F. kalma || *kólmé || kalma-<br/>"to bury" || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| Cf. "to die"
|-
| "word"
| F. vala || *vólé || val || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
|-
| "in-law"
| "in-law"
| F. nato || *nótó || '''*nuðo''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
| F. nato || *nótó || - || '''*nuðo''' || - || - || - || - || *nåto
|-
|-
| "death"
| "knot"
| F. kalma || *kólmé || || - || - || - || - || *kålm-
| F. pahka || - || Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
| Cf. "to die"
|-
|-
| "ground"
| "ground"
| F. tanner || *tóntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
| F. tanner || *tóntɤr || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåntə-
|-
|-
| "branch"
| "branch"
| F. sarka || *sórké || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
| F. sarka || *sórké || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
| "word"
| F. vala || *vólé || - || - || - || - || - || *wålä
| Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
|-
|-
| "skin"
| "skin"
| F. talja || *tóljé || - || - || - || - || - || *tåjå
| F. talja || *tóljé || - || - || - || - || - || - || *tåjå
| if not F & S. ← B.
| if not F & S. ← B.
|-
| "to want"
| Mk. karma- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *kårmä ?
|-
| "knot"
| Mk. pakškä || - || - || - || - || - || - || *påktV
|-
|-
| "left"
| "left"
| F. vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
| F. vasen || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *wåtä ?
|-
|-
| "to stick"
| "to stick"
| - || *čóŋké- || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
| - || *čóŋkó- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
|-
| "to want"
| - || - || Mk. karma- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårmä ?
|-
|-
| "to rain"
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || '''*čáðé-''' || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| F. sata- || '''*čáðé-''' || - || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
| S. also <font color="red">*čócé-</font> "to hit"
| S. also *čócé- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
|-
|-
| "spirit"
| "spirit"
| Mk. vajmä || '''*vájmó''' || || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *wäjŋ-
| F. vaimo || '''*vájmó''' || Mk. vajmä || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *wäjŋ-
| Smy. palzn; Er. '''ojme''', F. vaimo "woman"
| Smy. palzn; Er. '''ojme'''
|-
|-
| "gruel"
| "gruel"
| Mk. jam || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jämä
| - || - || Mk. jam || - || - || - || - || - || *jämä
| Smy. palzn after *j? Distribution bad
| Smy. palzn after *j? Distribution bad
|-
|-
| "thru"
| "thru"
| Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| - || - || Mk. ''šačk'' || - || - || - || - || - || Se. ''sačk''
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
| Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
|}
|}

Revision as of 16:19, 4 March 2010

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.

Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari uses the following ad hoc reconstruction:

  • short vowels = branches agree
    • except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/; *o = Komi /ɤ/
  • Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari

Standard PU *a

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
*a1: S. *ó, Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å
"bit" F. pala *pólé pal *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"to open" - *póncé Er. panžo- *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"pot" F. pata - - *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"young deer" - - Mk. śarda *šaarðɤ - - *suurtə *suurtə Ne. siraj ?
"to scoop" F. amme- - Er. amuĺa- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to step" F. askel- - Er. aśkiĺa- *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. *a → ä before a palzd. coda.
"gadfly" Es. parm *poaró Mk. purom *paarmə - - - O. puurəm - F. paarma (affectiv?)
"twig" - *tórkɤ - Me. tor - - - *tuuɣər -
"mountain" - *váré - - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial
"aunt, older sister" - - - - K. ob - *uup *opə *åpå
"thru" F. pahki - Mk. pačk - K. pɯšji - *puuš - Se. pooč P. labial dissim; check Se.
"to step" - - Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä- Kh. *oo after *č?
"to hit" - *cáŋmé- Mk. šavo- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Ms. transfer of labialization? Kh. *oo after *č?
"village" F. palva- - - - - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl - Ms. transfer of labialization?
"sun" F. kaja- NS guoje Er. kaje- *kaaja- - - *kuuj ? - *kåjå Ms. "dawn", fits better here than with F. koi
"to peel" - *vótké- Mk. vatka- *waatka- - - - - Ne. waataa- F. vatka- "to whip" more probably from *wačka- "beat"
"to present" - - Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"to dig" F. kaiva- *koajvó- kaja- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
"to thro" - - kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - - Homophonic with the prev.
"foot" F. jalka *jólké jalgo *jaal - ɟalog - - -
"to bild" F. rakenta- - - - - rak- - - - Or F. rather ← Gmc *rakjan
"to grasp" F. tarttu- - - - - tart- - - -
"penis" - *póčɤ - - - fas - - -
"roof" F. lakka - - - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"brain" F. aivo *vójŋé - - - aɟ - - - Mk. uj rather ← *ojwa?
"to sink" F. vajo- *vójó- vaja- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - - P. labial dissim.
"hard" - *čárés - - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə
"to shoot" F. ampa- - - - U. ɯb- - - - - S. *ámpó- ← F? P. labial dissim?
"with" F. kanssa - - - *gooz - - - -
"rump" - - Er. kaśke
~ Mk. kaska		 - *koos - - - -
"to roast" F. paahta- - - - *pɤɤž- - - - - P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
"to drive" F. aja- vójé- - - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"series" F. sarja - - - *śoor - - - -
"smell" Võ. katsk - kačam(o) - K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. "bitter"
"hole" - - - *raaž K. roź rees - - -
"currant" - - - *šaaptər U. suter ~
K. setɤr		 - - - - Cf. Gmc *sap ??
"to close" - - - *paačke- U. pɯškɯ- - - - - P. labial dissim.
"rake" F. hara, harkki *sóré Er. čarkoďe- *šaar - - - - -
"opposite" F. vasta *vósté vasta- *waašta - - - - -
"wet" F. nahka "leather" *ńóské Mk. načka *naačkə - - - (*ńašak) - Khanty "raw" may not belong
"to grind" F. jauha- - jaža- *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
"fishing net" F. vata - - *waat - - - - - ← Gmc?
*a2: Same except Ma. *o, P. *uu, H. aa, Kh. *aa
"to steal" F. sala- *sól-ɤk sala- *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"net" F. kalin - - - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp - Cf. "fish"
"to dry" - - - - *śuur- saar- *šuur- #saar- -
"to spend a night" - - - - U. kɤl ~ K. kol haal- *kuul- *kaal- -
"to bark" - - - *optə- *uut- - *uut- *aapət- -
"low ground" - - - - U. śum - *suujəm *saajəm -
"to conjure" - - Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaləɬ- -
"white" Es. hahk - Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
"rodent" - - Mk. maksa- - - - - *maaɣ - Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
"to beat soft" F. vanu- - - - - vaańol- - - -
"hind" - - - - - aaɟeek *uunć - -
"to sit" - - - - - - *uunl/t- *aaməs/t- *åmtə-
"hard sno" - (*jɤsɤ) - *jož *juuž - - - - S. "remaining sno" may not belong
"to receive" F. saa- NW *sákɤ- Mk. sajə- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *čónčó- - *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tensə- F. seiso-. Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
Mari, Permic, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
"to carry" F. kanta- *kónté- kan(do)- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån-
"to leave" F. kato- *kóðé- kado- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä- Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
"fish" F. kala *kólé kal *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"crust" F. kamara - - *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - *šoor aar *tuur *ɬaar - ← II *sáras; separately in P.?
"to burst" F. pakahtu- - - - fakad- - *paaɣ- -
"groove" F. latu - - *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
Mari *aa vs. Permic *uu (check if not *o!)
"rotten" - - - *kaaškə- *kuuź - - - -
"to gro" - - - *paaše- *puušjɯ- - - - -
"to ask" - - - *jaada- *juual- - - - - P. ← *-uuða- ?
Indistinct *a
"death" F. kalma *kólmé kalma-
"to bury"		 - - - - *kålm- Cf. "to die"
"word" F. vala *vólé val - - - - - *wålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"in-law" F. nato *nótó - *nuðo - - - - *nåto
"knot" F. pahka - Mk. pakškä - - - - - *påktV
"ground" F. tanner *tóntɤr - - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" F. sarka *sórké - - - - - - *tårkå
"skin" F. talja *tóljé - - - - - - *tåjå if not F & S. ← B.
"left" F. vasen - - - - - - - *wåtä ?
"to stick" - *čóŋkó- - - - - - - *såŋkə-
"to want" - - Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"to rain" F. sata- *čáðé- - - - - - - *sårå- S. also *čócé- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
"spirit" F. vaimo *vájmó Mk. vajmä - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; Er. ojme
"gruel" - - Mk. jam - - - - - *jämä Smy. palzn after *j? Distribution bad
"thru" - - Mk. šačk - - - - - Se. sačk Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?

With long vowels in Finnic

Lexeme Finnish Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
IE loans
"salt" suola - sal ćal U. sɯlal ~ K. sol - - - - ← IE, multiple loans?
"butter" voi *vójɤ Er. oj ~ Mk. vaj *ü *vɤɤj vaj *waaj *wooj - ← IA *āǵja ? No explicit evidence for length; looks like regular *o, save retention of *v-.
"mountain" vuori - - *waar *woor - Cf. *wara? ← II *aras ?!
"intestine" suoli *čoalé śula *šol *śuul - - *sol - Type 1. ← IA ?
"year" vuosi *vótɤ - - U. va ~ K. u vaĺ - *ål ? - ~ IA *vataḥ
"streak" juoni *jónɤ jan - - - - - - ← IA *jaana
"protection" suoja, hoi-va *sójé, šójé - - - - - - - ← II *sḱaajaa
""
Without *aa → *oo in Finnic
"tree spec." saarni - *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to lecture" saarna- *sárné - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. ← F?
std. PU *ox type 1
"to sweep" huosi- - - - U. čuž- - *šaaš- *čaač- Se čuuč-←
*čåəč-
"in heat" suota *čóðé- - - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l
"to die" kuole- - kulo- *kole- *kuul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə- Cf. "death"
"to spread, bed" vuode - Mk. atsa- - *wååĺ- aaɟ *aaĺ - - if F. not ← vuota ← B.
"to hack" kuokki- - - - *kook- - - - - Coincidental?
"pit" kuoppa U. gop
std. PU *ox type 2?
"to lick" nuole- *noaló- nola- *nɤɤle- *ńuul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- Check Kh. forms. Eastern palzn?
"those" nuo *nó- nonat *nɤɤnə K. nɯ- - - - Se. na
"that" tuo *tó to- *tɤɤ U. tu ~ K. tɯ ta-, taa- *tuu-, *tu- *to- *tå-
"berry" puola - - K. pul boĺoo,
boɟoo ?		 *pul - *pål-
"crust" kuori - kaŕ - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- - For Se. ker- cf. *kêri
"side" puoli - pola - - - - - -
"pole" vuoli - - - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol -
"pole" ulku *holkɤ olga - *aawla *oɣəl *uj for comparision
std. PU *ox but looks more like *ux
"spruce" kuusi *kósɤ kuz *kož U. kɯz ~ K. koz - *kawt *kooɬ *kåət
"sheep" uuhi - uča *ɤžɣa *ɯž - *aaš *aač - ← IE, multiple loans?

Standard PU *ë

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
S. *ó, Ma. ö/ü, P. *uu, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (std. PU *ëCC, *ëCi)
"tree stump" *kanto - kando - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - S. *kóntój, *kánté ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
"mushroom" - - paŋgo *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk - ← II, separate loans? Skr. paŋka "swamp" (~ L. fungus, G. spongos)
"land" *maa - - *mü, *mu *muu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - Reduction of *x? Monosyllabic?
"hair" F. hapsi *vóptɤ - *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede; pine seed" *nakris - - - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"cartilage" - *ńórkés - *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr No *-rɣ- metathesis in ObU due to *a-stem
"crane" - - - - *tuuri - *tɯɯrəɣ *taarəɣ - Presumably ditto
"limb" - - - - - loll *lɯɯɣəl *laaɣəl -
"to split" F. sali- *čólɤ- - - - sil - - - Cf. F. säle "splinter"
"straight" - *ńólkɤ- - - - ńilv - - -
"wet place" - Mk. nar *nöre- *ńuur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr F. *noro ← Gmc.
"gills" - *ńókčɤm - *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku,
Ka. neeni ? 		Or *a2 with Ms. delabzn after a palatal? (K. would still be irregular)
"land" *lanci *lómté landa Hi. landaka *luud - - - *ləmtu- ← IE at least in Ma?
"child, cradle" F. lapsi lavś *lɤpš - - - - *j/lɤpsə
"to get wet" - *lóccɤ- - *löčä- - - - - -
"to bury" - - - *müde- *muudɯ- - - - -
Similar except F. *oo, P. *ɤ, Smy. *ɤə (std. PU *ëx_i)
"vein" *sooni *sónɤ san *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn
"arrow" *nooli *ńólɤ nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj
"fish skin" *soomu *čómɤ śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ??
"bird cherry" *toomi *ðómɤ ĺom *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm
"duck" - SS sjotsjo (Er. šenže) - *čɤž - *šɯɯš *čaač - Er. w/ š- may not belong? Cf. F. hanhi "goose" ← B.
"to produce" F. suolta- *čólté- - - *ćɤlt- - - - - if F. not ← *soxli
"to whittle" F. vuole- *vólɤ- - - *vɤl- - *walt- *walt-
Ma. o/ü, P. *u, Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (std. PU *ëCa - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *vólé- alo- *ül *uul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə Ma. from *ël-i??
"to divide" F. jaka- *jóké- javo- - *juuk - *jaɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
"sembra" - - - - *suus - *tɯɯt *ɬɯɯɣəɬ *tɯtə(k) Ms. per original closed syllable?
"liver" F. maksa *móksé makso *mokš *muusk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə Kh. *ɯɯ → *uu after a labial?
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi *vóném - - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå ObU *Onəp < *oni-pV?
"to put" F. ahta- *vókté- avto- *optə- K. oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
Indistinct between *ë_i and *a2_i
"thick" F. sakea, sakka- *sókɤ - *šukɤ K. suk - - - - -k- / -kk- ?
Indistinct between *ë_a and *a2_a
"to stretch" - NS ńuoddzi- - *ńuuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč - Argues against Ms. delabzn
"to giv" *anta- *vómté- ando- - *uud- ad- - - -
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - jukśe- - *juuskɯ- - - - -
"bitter" F. karvas - - - *kuurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? -
"handle" F. vanka - - - *vuug - - - -
"hoop" F. vanne - - - *vuudž - - - -
"grass" Es. tarn - - - *tuurɯm - - - - Is U. -m irregular?
"tassel" - *tóŋké - - *tuug - - - -
"to accuse" - NS guoccot - - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
"to reach" - - Er. saźu- - *suudź- - - - -
"stiff" - - Er. tarďe - K. tur- - - - K. "to freeze"

All the rest

Lexeme FM example Samic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
IE loans: FM *a_a, K. a, H. aa, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa
"100" Mk. śada *čóté *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
"calf" F. vasa *vósé - - (üsöö) *wɯɯsəɣ - - ← II
"pole" F. salko *čólkój - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa
"value" F. arvo - - K. arta- aar - - - ← II. Mo. aŕće- "think" may not belong
"lord" Mk. azor - - *oozɯr - N. uutər, E. aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/- ? ← II
More IE loans
"good" Mk. para *póré *pooro *buur - - - - ← II. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. a (with palatals)
"meadow" Es. aas - - *adź asoo - - -
"back; belly" - - - U. gač has - - - Dubious semantics
"stomach" F. vatsa - - U. vaś - - - - F. → S. *vátté
"to tred" F. talla- - K. taĺ- - - - - Loan from F. → K?
"willow" F. paju *poajó - *baď faɟal - - *pewə
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čóppé- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- *čopam? - - Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
Unclear correspondence 2: Ma *aa, P. *a, H. o (with palatals)
"to fall" - *vóčé- *waaza- U. vaź- - - - - Note Ma. *z
"shelter" F. suoja *sójé *šaaj *saj - - - -
"to look" - - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"to take out" - - *taara- K. taral- - taar - - Ma. "far", H. "open"
"to unravel" - *rúč- *raanće- K. radź- ronɟ - *ratə- - Note Ma. *ć
"to stomp" F. tappa- - - *tap- top- - - *tApər- F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic?
"net" - - - *ka(d)ź - - *koťəp -
Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
"understanding" Er. važov - - K. vežɤr - *aš *oč -
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- *lóšté- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- - Note Ms. *ś
"membrane" F. kalvo *kálɤ ? - *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi - Note *ĺ
Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɯ, OU *uu ?
"2" F. kaksi *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kêt in eastern branches (incl. Permic?)
"ax" F. tahko - *toš *tɯš(k-) - - - - F. "grindstone"
"to fall apart" - - - K. gɯlal- - *kuul- *kuul- -
"coarse" F. karke- *kárkké - *gɯr- - - - -
Unclear correspondence 5: F. *a, S. *á, Ms. *ää (from *ä?)
Unclear correspondence 6: FM *a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *o
"to be able" Mk. mašto- - *mɤšte- - - *muust- *moštə- -
"birch bark" F. tana - - - - *tuunt *tontə -
"staff" F. sauva *čávŋé - - - *suuw *soɣ -
"river bend" - - - K. voĺ völɟ *wuuĺ *woɣəĺ Ne. wäej Note *ĺ
Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. *aa, P. *u (shibilants?)
"to go carefully" - *váncé- *waanče- *vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"root" - - *waaž *vuž - - - *wånčå Homophonic!
"to be born" Mk. šačo- - *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- - *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"to stand" - - *šaa(l)ɣ *sul- aall- - -
Unclear correspondence 8: FM *a, Ma. *a, P. *åå, ObU *a
"flat" F. lappea (*láppɤ) *lap *lååp lap - E. lapsək - S. "aside". Cf. "flat side"
"this" Es. ta - *ta K. to - - *tamə *tå Kh. & Smy. from *to "that"?
"to press" F. paina- *pájné- - *pååńV- - *pańəɣt - Ka. paŋdə- S. ← F?
"shine" F. valkea, vaalea *vélké *waalɣə *vååĺk (vilaag) *waĺk *waĺ- - Note *ĺ. Cf. IE
"early" - - *aažno *våådź - - - -
Unclear correspodence 9: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
"to freeze" Mk. palo- *pólɤš - - faɟ *paaĺ- *pojət- Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ðʲ-
"wall" F. pato *póðó - - fal - *pal - Check Kh.
"tail" - - *paač *bɤɤž - *panš *poč *pančå If not simply *o.
"sour" F. hapan - *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? -
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"mud" F. rapa - - - - - *roɣə - Cf. Mo. rava "Volga"
Unclear correspodence 10: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
"to put" F. pane- - *paańəža- *pɤn- - *pun- *pan- *pɯn-
"bitter" F. katkera *kóccɤk *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? - Cf. "smell", next
"to bite" - *kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - -
"across" - - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
under other vowels
"clay" Mo. śovoń *šun K. śun - *suwĺ *saɣə - Looks like *u with F. savi
"gold, copper" - - - - arań *tarəń *ɬoorńə *o_a. ← II
"to scrape" - - - *vuušt- vaas- *ašk- #wååčəɣ- - *o_a
"to cut" - - - - farag *paar - *pərå- *o_i. Smy. "to scrape", may not belong
"bed" - - - *vååĺ aaɟ *aaĺaat - - *o_i
"to dry" - - - - asoo *taaš #såås *o_i
"net needle" F. sohi- !! *čópsémé *šaapš - - *taas #sååpəs - *o_i. Note irregular sibilants in OU; later Altaic loan?
"piece" F. sukku - - - sak - *sak - *o_i
"ski" - *čójkɤ - - - *taj- - *tåj(-kə) *o_i?
to be sorted
"rotten" - *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"berry" F. marja *mórjé *mör - - *maar- *muur- ? -
"to shade" - - *šöšte- K. saśtɯ- - - - - "to darken" vs. "to hide"
"arch" F. kaari *kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar - Might be *o?
"opening" F. aukko *vóŋɤs äŋ *ɤɤm a(a)j - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; F. ← *aŋa- "to open" ?
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi - *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"tame" - *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"to touch" F. kajoa- *kájó- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- -
"light" F. salama - - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋkʷ- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *vólké- *waale- - vaal- *wɯɯɣəl *wɯɯɣəl -
"to dig" Mk. kara- - *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"pale" - - *šapa- - saapad- - - -
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas - *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"to thro" Mk. vačka- - vačka- ? - - - *waaškalt-
"fishing gear" - - *mača - - - - Se. maaše- Coincidental?
"father-in-law" F. appi vóppɤ *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - - *oɣəɬ Ne. ŋuutuuʔ Cf. Sw. ackja?
"valley" In. lakso leakšɤ *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"to chop" Er. čapo- *cápɤ- - *čuup- - - *čopam? - Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to hit"
"flock" F. parvi - - *puur - - *parə -
"close" F. rakas - - - rokon *raaw *raɣ -
"1000" - - - *śuurs - *šaatər- *ťarəs ← II
"to tear" - - - *oor- aar(t)- *aart- *aarə- -
"to hurry" - - - - sorog- #surəkt *saarək
"to bend" F. taipu- *toajé- - K. tuj- - *tääjəp- *tɯɯj- *tɯj- ? Check Smy.
"to sink" - - - - maart- *muur- *marət-
"pond" F. lampi *lómpɤl Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"aunt" Mk. ańa- *vóńé- - *aań aanɟ, ańa *aań(-iikʷa) *anəkə *ɤńä
"flat side" F. lapa *lópé - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. "flat"
"back" F. taka - - - - - - *tɤkä
"crane" Mk. karga *kórkɤ - - - - - *kərö F. kurki, may match Smy.
"to hang" F. takertu- - - - - - *taɣər- Se. tokua- ?
"resin" F. kata NS kaččé - - - - - *kåCə S. *kássé ← Gmc.
"snot" F. natta IS ńetti - - - - - *nåwtə ?
"old" F. vanha - - U. vuž ~ K. važ - - - -
"to shame" Mo. viźďe - *waažəla- U. vodźɯt- - - - -
"to breik" Võ. katśki- - *kɤɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"sister" Mk. sazor - *šɤɤžar *soozər F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
"blueberry" - - *moodə - - - - Ka. modo
"horn; edge" - - - - - *ääńt *oŋət *ämtə, *äŋtə
"brother's wife" Mk. ańa *vóńé - K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe, ań aanɟ, ańa *aańi *ańəkə *äńä Separate P. *ań "mother-in-law"
"many; big" - - - *uuna - - *onə Ng. Aniʔe *u?
"long-tailed duck" - *hɤ/íŋɤ - - - *ɯɯŋkə *ɯɯŋk *åŋå
"" - - - - - - - -

Rejectable

Lexeme FM example Samic Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
"woven band" F. vaula *vóvlé - - - *waaɣlap - - F & S. ← Gmc.
"bay" F. lahti *lóktɤ - - - *laak *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"much" F. paljo - Hi. pülä - - *paal - *påj F. possibly ← Gmc, East *poli
"door bolt" F. sarana - U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"to stop" F. tauko- *tóvkó- - *duugdɯ- - - - - F. & S. ← Gmc.
"hut" F. talas *tálo - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- keaččɤ- - U. kaźal- - - - - F. may be ← Gmc.
"lot" F. arpa *vórpé - - orvo - - - F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" F. lauta *lóvté - - - - - *låtå F & S. ← Baltic?
"asp" F. haapa *súpé *šaapke - - - - - ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
"branch" F. hanka - - aag *tɯɯɣ *ɬaɣə - F. ← Gmc.
"dead; dry (of cow)" F. marras - *muur - - - - F. ← II
"stiff" F. tankea *töŋɣe- - - - - - Mari may be ← Turkic
"cheap" F. halpa - *šulðɤ - - - - - F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
"to gro" F. kasva- - *kuška- - - - - - F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
"metal" F. vaski veašké *waaž U. vɯś ~ K. veś vas *vüš *waɣ *wäsä Mo. *vəśkä. ← Toch.?
"maple" Es. vaher - *waaštar - - - - - Mo. ukštor. Possibly ← Toch.
"shaft" F. varsi - *wurðə - - - - - ← B?
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- *vólké- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"armpit" Mk. kaval kájŋél *koŋla *kuun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"nits" Mk. śar̥ka čívrós *šarkeńe *śerel - N. seeri ? E. sɯr ? Ka. šurijar ? F. saivar
"gull" F. kajava kájéké K. gaďa - *kaajik - Ne. ho Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
"crow" F. varis *vórččé - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər- Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic?
"painted" - - "U" pač U. pužɯ - - - *påtå
"fly" Mk. karvo - *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to want" F. havi- - - - - *taŋk- *ɬaŋkaa- - Ve. habi-
"wet sno" - *vónčé - - - - *uuťkəl -
"skis" - SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" - *kótó- - - - - - *kətå-
"woods" - *mójðé - - - - - Se. mačče Weak. IS "hunt"
"vessel" F. saima- - - U. śumɯk - - *sooma ? Se. somma ? Mo. śuma, śima. Semantics all over the place.


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