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| :::Rewritten in sch, seems to work -- [[User:Anaphory|Anaphory]] 02:44, 15 October 2009 (UTC) | | :::Rewritten in sch, seems to work -- [[User:Anaphory|Anaphory]] 02:44, 15 October 2009 (UTC) |
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| #! sch
| | [[Talk:Finnish/sch]] |
| charset utf-8
| |
|
| |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| -- Proto-Uralic to modern Finnic
| |
| -- sound shift file
| |
| -- (c) Gereon Kaiping
| |
| -- This is not meant to be precise, it contains some strange hacks, so
| |
| -- do not take this seriously!
| |
| -- Source: http://wiki.frath.net/Finnish
| |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
|
| |
| require >=1.0003
| |
|
| |
| package SCH::Finnish
| |
|
| |
| -- Lists all vowels used in any stage:
| |
| group A
| |
| a, ä
| |
| group O
| |
| o, ö
| |
| group U
| |
| u, ü
| |
| group I
| |
| i, ï
| |
| group E
| |
| e, ï
| |
|
| |
| vowel
| |
| a, o, u,
| |
| ä, ö, ü,
| |
| i, e,
| |
| ï, ï
| |
|
| |
| -- Lists all consonants used in any stage:
| |
| consonant
| |
| p, t, č, k, s, ś, δ, δʲ, w, j, l, r, m, n, ŋ, ń, lʲ, x
| |
| m:, n:
| |
| --
| |
|
| |
| group V
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| {vowel}
| |
|
| |
| group C
| |
| {consonant}
| |
|
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| group X
| |
| :,i,U,C
| |
|
| |
| group S
| |
| -- "sonorants"
| |
| l, r
| |
| w, j
| |
|
| |
| -------
| |
| -- Each line gives a rule to decompose a word into syllables.
| |
| -- Spaces on the lines separate regexps for one syllable.
| |
| syllable basic
| |
| C?'?VX?C?
| |
| C?'?V X?C?C?'?VX?C?
| |
| C?'?V X?C?C?'?V X?C?C?'?VX?C?
| |
| C?'?V X?C?C?'?V X?C?C?'?V X?C?C?'?VX?C?
| |
|
| |
| -- What of the initial consonant cluster of a syllable to shift back
| |
| -- to the previous syllable: $1 is moved to previous syllable, $2 is
| |
| -- left in next syllable.
| |
| syllable break
| |
| ()(C'?V)
| |
| (C)(C'?V)
| |
| (X)(C'?V)
| |
| (XC)(C'?V)
| |
|
| |
| -------
| |
| -- Properties of syllables used below in the rules.
| |
| -- Note: ^ and $ are implicit in a property, so we always match
| |
| -- a full syllable here.
| |
|
| |
| property closed
| |
| .*C#
| |
|
| |
| property open = !closed
| |
|
| |
| property stressed
| |
| .*'.*
| |
|
| |
| property unstressed = !stressed
| |
|
| |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| -- Proto-Uralic to Pre-Finnic:
| |
| -- [Ca. 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE]
| |
| -- PU roots generally had the form (C)V(C)C{A I}, with initial stress; in pronouns and prepositions also CV; and two lone-V roots, the negativ verb e- and the root "self", o-.
| |
| -- Unclear issues:
| |
| -- the quality of the vowel *ï - [ɯ] or [ɤ]? (Substitution of Indo-Iranian *a by *ï speaks for the latter, unless these particular words are newer loans.)
| |
| -- the quality of the vowel *a - [ɑ] or [ɒ]?
| |
| -- was the 2nd-syllable vocalism phonemically /a i/ with fronted & backed allophones, or overtly vowel-harmonic /æ a i ɯ/?
| |
| -- the quality of the consonant *x - [h], [x], [ɣ], something else?
| |
|
| |
| step "PU>PFc"
| |
| time 500
| |
| -- minus 4000
| |
| rule "Loose Eng"
| |
| ŋ > n / _#
| |
| -- > k in the lativ ending
| |
| rule "Dephthongization"
| |
| iw > ü / _C
| |
| ow > u: / _C
| |
| -- dubious
| |
| rule "Introduction of length"
| |
| x > : / _C
| |
| rule "Coda nasal simplification"
| |
| n > 0 / _t?ś
| |
| m > n / _(t,tś)
| |
| m > n / _#
| |
| rule "Stressed *ï merges with *a"
| |
| 'ï > 'a / _
| |
| rule "Loss of /w/"
| |
| w > 0 / ^_(o,u,ü)
| |
| rule "Stressed Vowel Changes"
| |
| 'a: > 'o: / _
| |
| 'ä: > 'e:
| |
| rule "Unstressed vowels"
| |
| 'V > _ / _
| |
| a > ä / (ä,e,ï,i,ü) X? C? C _
| |
| aw,äw > o / _
| |
| ij > i
| |
| iw > u
| |
| i > e / _C
| |
|
| |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| -- Pre-Finnic to Proto-Finnic:
| |
| -- [Ca. 3000 BC to 2000 BC] (likely also incomplete; this is the section of changes not shared by other branches of Uralic)
| |
|
| |
| step "PFc>PtFc"
| |
| time 1000
| |
| -- 3000 BC to 2000 BC
| |
| rule "Lengthening of CV"
| |
| syllable first last
| |
| V > V: /_#
| |
| -- affects most old CV words with the exception of me te he se ne, which per Livonian had *-k.
| |
| rule "Vowel changes"
| |
| 'ä > _ / _
| |
| ä > e / _j
| |
| a > e / '(o,u)X?C_j
| |
| > o / '(a,e,i)X?C_j
| |
| rule "Loss of remaining /x/"
| |
| ixi > ö:/ _
| |
| uxi > o:/ _
| |
| xi > : / _
| |
| -- (*xA, *x# apparently did not occur)
| |
| rule "Loss of /ŋ/"
| |
| uŋa > o: / _
| |
| yŋä > ö: / _
| |
| ŋi > : / (A,i,u)_
| |
| ŋ > j / _(Cʲ, ś, č, ń)
| |
| > _ / _k
| |
| > w / _(U,O,C)
| |
| / (U,O)_
| |
| rule "Loss of medial semivowels in i-stems"
| |
| Uwi > U: / _
| |
| ewi > ö: / _
| |
| wI > i / _
| |
| ji > : / (e,i,ï)_
| |
| > j / A_#
| |
| > j / O_
| |
| / U_
| |
| > : / A_(l,r)C?'?Vi
| |
| -- (due to [je]?)
| |
| > i / C_#
| |
| / C_C
| |
| yje > yö
| |
| rule "Initial deaffrication. Newer initial affricates are found in loanwords and onomatopoeia."
| |
| č > ś / #_
| |
| rule "Remove ::"
| |
| fix
| |
| ::>:/_
| |
| rule "Depalatalization, commonly attributed to Germanic superstratum influence."
| |
| ń > ni / #C?V_V
| |
| ń > n / _
| |
| ʲ > 0 / _
| |
| ś > s
| |
| rule "Loss of /δ/"
| |
| -- (may be gradation-related, shared with Mordvinic but not Samic. Put here to avoid requiring postulating intermediate *tʲ for the development of *ðʲ)
| |
| δ > t
| |
|
| |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| -- Proto-Finnic to Pre-Finnish:
| |
| -- [Ca. 2000 BCE to 1000 CE]
| |
|
| |
| step "PtFc>PtF"
| |
| time 2000
| |
| -- minus 4000
| |
| rule "Loss of /č/"
| |
| č: > tś
| |
| č > t
| |
| rule "Difthong paradigm shift"
| |
| j > i / V_C
| |
| j > i / V_#
| |
| w > ü / (ä,ö)_C
| |
| w > ü / (ä,ö)_#
| |
| w > u / (a,o)_C
| |
| w > u / (a,o)_#
| |
| rule "Birth of consonantal suffixes"
| |
| i > 0 / VC_, ks_
| |
| rule "Consonant gradation"
| |
| syllable any, [closed]
| |
| : > 0 / S(p, t, ts, k)_V
| |
| p > b / S_V
| |
| t > d
| |
| s > z
| |
| k > g
| |
| rule "Suffixal gradation"
| |
| -- (needs elaboration)
| |
| syllable [unstressed], any
| |
| p > b/ V_V
| |
| t > d
| |
| s > z
| |
| k > b
| |
| rule "Spirantization"
| |
| (b,d,g) > _ / (n,m,ŋ)_
| |
| b > β / _
| |
| d > δ / _
| |
| g > γ / _
| |
| rule "Spirantization 2"
| |
| γ > v /_
| |
| βi > u / (a,o,u).*_#
| |
| βi > ü / _#
| |
| -- (3PS -Pi)
| |
| rule "Vowel shifts 1"
| |
| syllable unstressed
| |
| oi > o / _
| |
| rule "Vowel shifts 2"
| |
| syllable stressed
| |
| ai > ei / _
| |
| rule "Vowel shifts 3"
| |
| V: > V / _i
| |
| rule "Birth of consonantal root forms"
| |
| e > 0 / (d,t,n,s,δ)_#
| |
| -- stem-finally after a coronal
| |
| rule "Assibilation"
| |
| t > s / _i
| |
| rule "Esh-drift"
| |
| ś > x
| |
| rule "Assimilation"
| |
| syllable [unstressed], any
| |
| (k,p)t > t: / _
| |
| xk>k:
| |
| t?:?sn>s:
| |
| kx > :x / _C
| |
| > x: / _
| |
| rn > r:
| |
| ln > l:
| |
| wst > st / o_
| |
| (ptk)*m > m: / _
| |
| (ptk)*st > st / _
| |
| (ptk)*n > n: / _
| |
| rule "Fricativ collapse, part 3"
| |
| c > s / _#, ^_
| |
| cs, sc > s: /_
| |
| c > θ
| |
| z > h
| |
| x:? > h
| |
| rule "V-epenthesis"
| |
| ü,ö,o > v_ / ^_:
| |
| rule "Shifts involving /h/"
| |
| e > : / h_
| |
| p,k > h / _t
| |
|
| |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| -- Proto-Finnic to Standard Finnish:
| |
| -- [Ca. 1000-1900 CE] These changes are, for the most part, only attested in the Finnish-Carelian continuum.
| |
|
| |
| step "PtF>SF"
| |
| time 5000
| |
| -- [Ca. 1000-1900 CE]
| |
| rule "Flavor"
| |
| -- Voiced prenasal stops become geminate nasals, and (around the same time as in a whole lot of other European languages!) long mid vowels become opening difthongs:
| |
| mb > m: / _
| |
| nd > n: / _
| |
| ŋg > ŋ: / _
| |
| e: > ie
| |
| ö: > üö
| |
| o: > uo
| |
| rule "Changes involving /j/"
| |
| j > i / C_
| |
| -- suffix-initially
| |
| rule "More shifts with /h/"
| |
| Vh > hV / (Vi,n,l,r)_#
| |
| k,h > * / _#
| |
| s > h / _l
| |
| t > 0 / h_r
| |
| rule "Pre-sonorant stop vocalization"
| |
| p > u / (a,o,u).*_S
| |
| > ü / _S
| |
| t > _ / _(v,j)
| |
| > u / _r(a, o)
| |
| > ü / _r(ä, ö)
| |
| > : / _r(i, e)
| |
| k > : / _j
| |
| > i / (i, e)_S(i, e)
| |
| > u / (a, o, u)_S
| |
| > ü / (ä, ö, ü)_S
| |
| rule "Spirant loss"
| |
| β > 0 / _UC
| |
| > v / _V
| |
| δ > _ / 'VX?_
| |
| iδ > j / V_V
| |
| δ > l / l_
| |
| > r / r_
| |
| > 0 / _
| |
| γ > j / C_e
| |
| > v / U_U
| |
| > ʔ / VV_V
| |
| > 0 / _
| |
| h > _ / 'VX?_
| |
| > 0 / VX?_V
| |
| rule "Subsequent vowel changes in unstressed syllables"
| |
| AO > A: / _
| |
| -- or O: or U: (seemingly irregularly)
| |
| Ae > Ai / _
| |
| Ue > e: / _
| |
| VU > V: / _#
| |
| iU > U: / _
| |
| OU > O: / _
| |
| rule "Initial-syllable labialization"
| |
| eü > öü / _
| |
| e > ö / _(X)(C)Cü
| |
| i > ü
| |
| ie > üö
| |
| i > ü / _wä
| |
| rule "interdental loss"
| |
| θ:? > ts
| |
| δ > d
| |
|
| |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| -- Standard Finnish to Orthography:
| |
| -- [Ca. 2000 CE]
| |
|
| |
| step "Orth"
| |
| time 6000
| |
| rule "long>double"
| |
| C: > __ / _
| |
| V: > __ / _
| |
| rule "remove :'"
| |
| ' > 0 / _
| |
| : > 0 / _
| |
| rule "different writing"
| |
| ü > y / _
| |
| w > v
| |
