User:Bukkia/sandboxIII: Difference between revisions
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==Consonants== | |||
This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table: | This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table: | ||
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*<small>2: Allophone of {{IPA|[n]}} before velar consonant</small> | *<small>2: Allophone of {{IPA|[n]}} before velar consonant</small> | ||
===Palatalization=== | |||
Some consonants come in pair with a ''palatalized'' counterpart: | Some consonants come in pair with a ''palatalized'' counterpart: | ||
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This phenomenon, called '''palatalization''', is very common, usually (but not always) when one of these consonants comes in contact with the semivowel {{IPA|[j]}}. It's very important, because it happens many times in noun conjugation. | |||
==Vowels== | |||
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==Nouns== | |||
{| {{prettytable}} | {| {{prettytable}} | ||
Revision as of 10:54, 5 August 2009
Consonants
This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table:
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | ||||||||
| Nasal | ||||||||
| Vibrant | ||||||||
| Fricative | ||||||||
| Affricate | ||||||||
| Approximant | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | ||||||||
- 1: Allophone of [m] before labiodental consonants
- 2: Allophone of [n] before velar consonant
Palatalization
Some consonants come in pair with a palatalized counterpart:
| Non-palatalized consonant | Palatalized counterpart |
|---|---|
| k | č |
| g | dž |
| s | š |
| z | ž |
| t | č |
| d | dž |
This phenomenon, called palatalization, is very common, usually (but not always) when one of these consonants comes in contact with the semivowel [j]. It's very important, because it happens many times in noun conjugation.
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close |
| |||||
| Close-mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Nouns
| Singular | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Consonant | Vowel |
| Nominative | - | - |
| Genitive | -u | -w |
| Dative | -a | -ja |
| Accusative | -o | -wo |
| Instrumental | -en | -jen |
| Locative | -ot | -jot |
| Adlative | -ás | -jás |
| Delative | -ád | -jád |
| Plural | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Consonant | Vowel |
| Nominative | -y | -j |
| Genitive | -yw | -ju |
| Dative | -ya | -jay |
| Accusative | -yo | -joy |
| Instrumental | -yen | -jeyn |
| Locative | -yt | -jyt |
| Adlative | -ýs | -jýs |
| Delative | -ýd | -jýd |
The dual number indicates a pair of things. It has a lesser number of endings, only four, with consonant and vowel counteparts.
| Dual | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Consonant | Vowel |
| Nominative Accusative |
-et | -t |
| Genitive Dative Adlative |
-etu | -ču |
| Instrumental Delative |
-etyn | -čyn |
| Locative | -ec | -ciw |
Examples:
| stuv = village, town | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | stuv | stuvy | stuvet |
| Genitive | stuvu | stuvyw | stuvetu |
| Dative | stuva | stuvya | stuvetu |
| Accusative | stuvo | stuvyo | stuvet |
| Instrumental | stuven | stuvyen | stuvetyn |
| Locative | stuvot | stuvyt | stuvec |
| Adlative | stuvás | stuvýs | stuvetu |
| Delative | stuvád | stuvýd | stuvetyn |
| mila = woman | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | mila | milaj | milat |
| Genitive | milaw | milaju | milaču |
| Dative | milaja | milajay | milaču |
| Accusative | milawo | milajoy | milat |
| Instrumental | milajen | milajeyn | milačyn |
| Locative | milajot | milajyt | milaciw |
| Adlative | milajás | milajýs | milaču |
| Delative | milajád | milajýd | milačyn |
Some nouns, even if they end with a consonant, follow the vowel conjugation pattern. In this case their last consonant undergoes palatalization, except for the nominative and genitive in the singular, and for all cases in dual. If there is a long vowel, when palatalization occurs, the vowel gets short.
| krís = king | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | krís | krišy | kríset |
| Genitive | krísu | krišu | krísetu |
| Dative | kriša | krišay | krísetu |
| Accusative | kríswo | krišoy | kríset |
| Instrumental | krišen | krišeyn | krísetyn |
| Locative | krišot | krišyt | krísec |
| Adlative | krišás | krišýs | krísetu |
| Delative | krišád | krišýd | krísetyn |
If a noun already ends with -u, the genitive ending in the singular melds with this vowel and becomes -ú.
- mázu (house) ‣ mázú
