User:Bukkia/sandboxIII: Difference between revisions

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*<small>1: Allophone of {{IPA|[m]}} before labiodental consonants</small>
*<small>1: Allophone of {{IPA|[m]}} before labiodental consonants</small>
*<small>2: Allophone of {{IPA|[n]}} before velar consonant</small>
*<small>2: Allophone of {{IPA|[n]}} before velar consonant</small>
{| cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:left; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
| style="width:70px; text-align:right;" |
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;"><div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|i(:)}}</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:47%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|ɨ(:)}}</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|u(:)}}</div>
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:17%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|e(:)}}</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:75%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|o(:)}}</div>
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|a(:)}}</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}




Revision as of 10:45, 5 August 2009

This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table:

Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Plosive
p b
t d
k ɡ
Nasal
   m
   [ɱ] 1
   n
   ɲ
   [ŋ] 2
Vibrant
   
   r
   
Fricative
f v
s z
ʃ ʒ
   
x   
Affricate
ʦ   
ʧ ʤ
   
   
  
Approximant
   
   
   
   j
   ɰ
   
Lateral approximant
   l
   
   
  • 1: Allophone of [m] before labiodental consonants
  • 2: Allophone of [n] before velar consonant


Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
i(:)
ɨ(:)
u(:)


e(:)
o(:)


a(:)
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Open


Singular
Case Consonant Vowel
Nominative - -
Genitive -u -w
Dative -a -ja
Accusative -o -wo
Instrumental -en -jen
Locative -ot -jot
Adlative -ás -jás
Delative -ád -jád
Plural
Case Consonant Vowel
Nominative -y -j
Genitive -yw -ju
Dative -ya -jay
Accusative -yo -joy
Instrumental -yen -jeyn
Locative -yt -jyt
Adlative -ýs -jýs
Delative -ýd -jýd

The dual number indicates a pair of things. It has a lesser number of endings, only four, with consonant and vowel counteparts.

Dual
Case Consonant Vowel
Nominative
Accusative		 -et -t
Genitive
Dative
Adlative		 -etu -ču
Instrumental
Delative
 -etyn -čyn
Locative -ec -ciw

Examples:

stuv = village, town
Case Singular Plural Dual
Nominative stuv stuvy stuvet
Genitive stuvu stuvyw stuvetu
Dative stuva stuvya stuvetu
Accusative stuvo stuvyo stuvet
Instrumental stuven stuvyen stuvetyn
Locative stuvot stuvyt stuvec
Adlative stuvás stuvýs stuvetu
Delative stuvád stuvýd stuvetyn
mila = woman
Case Singular Plural Dual
Nominative mila milaj milat
Genitive milaw milaju milaču
Dative milaja milajay milaču
Accusative milawo milajoy milat
Instrumental milajen milajeyn milačyn
Locative milajot milajyt milaciw
Adlative milajás milajýs milaču
Delative milajád milajýd milačyn


Some nouns, even if they end with a consonant, follow the vowel conjugation pattern. In this case their last consonant undergoes palatalization, except for the nominative and genitive in the singular, and for all cases in dual. If there is a long vowel, when palatalization occurs, the vowel gets short.

krís = king
Case Singular Plural Dual
Nominative krís krišy kríset
Genitive krísu krišu krísetu
Dative kriša krišay krísetu
Accusative kríswo krišoy kríset
Instrumental krišen krišeyn krísetyn
Locative krišot krišyt krísec
Adlative krišás krišýs krísetu
Delative krišád krišýd krísetyn

If a noun already ends with -u, the genitive ending in the singular melds with this vowel and becomes -ú.

  • mázu (house) ‣ mázú
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