Dal'qörian pronouns: Difference between revisions

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===[[Dal'qörian personal pronouns|Personal pronouns]]===
==[[Dal'qörian personal pronouns|Personal pronouns]]==
 
Personal pronouns refer to people or things. This saves repetitave use of a noun.
 
==='''Nominative (subject) pronouns'''===
 
The Dalcurian ''nominative'' personal pronouns (the subject of the sentence or clause) are:     
 
{| border="1"
|+
|-
| '''binä
| ''I/I am''
|-
| '''diö'''
| ''you/you are''
|-
| '''mæ'''
| ''he/he is''
|-
| '''sia'''
| ''she/she is''
|-
| '''éren'''
| ''they/they are''
|-
| '''tiÞ'''
| ''it/it is''
|-
| '''ména'''
| ''we/we are''
|}
 
There are also two impersonal pronouns: '''minä'''-''you/one'' and '''minäla'''-''they'', and these are used when referring to people in general, the subjunctive mood, and to equate the use of the English (passive tense (see '''Verbs'''):
   
* '''Am iáda, minä näocr nörasägrax Dal'qörian!''' ''One cannot learn Dalcurian in a day!
 
* '''Minäla gä’escanostr di abödä,, qösra tiÞ gé’stæméras'''. ''The house was demolished because it was dangerous.'' (lit: ''They demolished the house, because it was unsafe''). 
                           
As you can see, the subject pronouns can also carry the present tense inflections of the verb to be: ''am, are, is''. In Dalcurian, one can assume that ''am/are/is'' can always be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:
 
* Followed by a present participle (a verb with the '''ia''' inflection)
 
* Followed by an 'uninflected' adjective (including modifying words such as ''very/extremely'')
 
''am/are/is'' are not to be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:
 
* Followed by a modal verb (see '''Verbs-''Modals''''')
 
* Followed by the infinitive
 
*Followed by the imperfect and perfect past tense
 
*Followed by an inflected adjective
 
examples:
 
* '''Binä göria nöra'''. ''I '''am''' going now.'' 
 
* '''Di gadörajel tädø'''. ''The dogs '''are''' tired.''
 
* '''Dörac iáda, ména gä’vecsár!''' ''We argued all day!'' 
 
* '''Öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri'''. ''She was very depressed for a long time.''
 
* '''Iáda, Garé recévria ni Bemöa'''. ''Gary '''is''' getting a BMW today.''
 
* '''Stæ’irønet, vonéri sol, eviár binä abödä'''. ''I rarely get home before 6.''
 
* '''Éren voltir ni didérämös'''.  ''They want a drink.''
 
==='''Accusative (direct object) pronouns'''===
 
The ''accusative'' pronoun is the 'object' of the sentence or the thing that is affected by the action of the verb:
 
* I asked '''him'''.
 
* She gave '''her''' the book.
 
* They told '''us''' to go-away!
 
Dalcurian accusative (or objective) pronouns inflect to show this, but nouns do not:
 
{| border="1"
|+
|-
| '''binöra'''
| ''me/myself''
|-
| '''diöra'''
| ''you/yourself''
|-
| '''mæöra'''
| ''him/himself''
|-
| '''siöra'''
| ''her/herself''
|-
| '''érenöra'''
| ''them/themselves''
|-
| '''tiÞöra'''
| ''it/itself''
|-
| '''ménöra'''
| ''us/ourselves''
|}
 
==='''Dative (indirect object) pronouns'''===
 
The Dalcurian dative simply puts the preposition '''te'''-''to'' before a nominative pronoun (or noun) as a 'non-static' prefix (prefixes that attach with a high apostrophe). This then means the phrase must follow prepositional word order wherever necessary:
 
* '''Binä, te'sia, gä’andöcr di lalégraj'''. ''I gave her the book/I gave the book to her''. Lit: ''I, to she, gave the book''.
 
* '''Sia, te'binä, gä’ädandöcr'''. ''She gave it back to me/She gave me it back''. Lit: ''She, to me, returned it''.
 
==='''Dummy pronoun ''it'''''===
 
The dummy pronoun '''it''' is used in English as follows:
 
* '''It''' is raining, '''it''' isn't fair
 
'''it''' in this instance doesn't really refer to anything or an object, but is used to make the sentence grammatical. In Dalcurian, '''tiÞ''' is never used as a dummy pronoun; the adverb '''danöÞ''' idiomatically replaces this:
 
* '''DanöÞ danpöria'''. ''It's raining''.
 
* '''DanöÞ morgér,, taÞ ela qoÞ'''. ''It seems that all is ok''.


===[[Dal'qörian reflexive pronouns|Reflexive pronouns]]===
===[[Dal'qörian reflexive pronouns|Reflexive pronouns]]===

Revision as of 05:49, 7 July 2009

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Pronouns are words used in place of nouns. They are usually divided into the following categories:


Personal pronouns I, you, he, she
Reflexive pronouns himself, themselves, ourselves
Demonstrative pronouns that, those, this
Possessive pronouns mine, yours, his, hers
Relative pronouns that, which, who
Interrogative pronouns who?, when?, what?
Reciprocal Pronouns each other, one another
Indefinite pronouns some, few, a little

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns refer to people or things. This saves repetitave use of a noun.

Nominative (subject) pronouns

The Dalcurian nominative personal pronouns (the subject of the sentence or clause) are:

binä I/I am
diö you/you are
he/he is
sia she/she is
éren they/they are
tiÞ it/it is
ména we/we are

There are also two impersonal pronouns: minä-you/one and minäla-they, and these are used when referring to people in general, the subjunctive mood, and to equate the use of the English (passive tense (see Verbs):

  • Am iáda, minä näocr nörasägrax Dal'qörian! One cannot learn Dalcurian in a day!
  • Minäla gä’escanostr di abödä,, qösra tiÞ gé’stæméras. The house was demolished because it was dangerous. (lit: They demolished the house, because it was unsafe).

As you can see, the subject pronouns can also carry the present tense inflections of the verb to be: am, are, is. In Dalcurian, one can assume that am/are/is can always be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:

  • Followed by a present participle (a verb with the ia inflection)
  • Followed by an 'uninflected' adjective (including modifying words such as very/extremely)

am/are/is are not to be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:

  • Followed by a modal verb (see Verbs-Modals)
  • Followed by the infinitive
  • Followed by the imperfect and perfect past tense
  • Followed by an inflected adjective

examples:

  • Binä göria nöra. I am going now.
  • Di gadörajel tädø. The dogs are tired.
  • Dörac iáda, ména gä’vecsár! We argued all day!
  • Öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri. She was very depressed for a long time.
  • Iáda, Garé recévria ni Bemöa. Gary is getting a BMW today.
  • Stæ’irønet, vonéri sol, eviár binä abödä. I rarely get home before 6.
  • Éren voltir ni didérämös. They want a drink.

Accusative (direct object) pronouns

The accusative pronoun is the 'object' of the sentence or the thing that is affected by the action of the verb:

  • I asked him.
  • She gave her the book.
  • They told us to go-away!

Dalcurian accusative (or objective) pronouns inflect to show this, but nouns do not:

binöra me/myself
diöra you/yourself
mæöra him/himself
siöra her/herself
érenöra them/themselves
tiÞöra it/itself
ménöra us/ourselves

Dative (indirect object) pronouns

The Dalcurian dative simply puts the preposition te-to before a nominative pronoun (or noun) as a 'non-static' prefix (prefixes that attach with a high apostrophe). This then means the phrase must follow prepositional word order wherever necessary:

  • Binä, te'sia, gä’andöcr di lalégraj. I gave her the book/I gave the book to her. Lit: I, to she, gave the book.
  • Sia, te'binä, gä’ädandöcr. She gave it back to me/She gave me it back. Lit: She, to me, returned it.

Dummy pronoun it

The dummy pronoun it is used in English as follows:

  • It is raining, it isn't fair

it in this instance doesn't really refer to anything or an object, but is used to make the sentence grammatical. In Dalcurian, tiÞ is never used as a dummy pronoun; the adverb danöÞ idiomatically replaces this:

  • DanöÞ danpöria. It's raining.
  • DanöÞ morgér,, taÞ ela qoÞ. It seems that all is ok.

Reflexive pronouns

Possesive pronouns & adjectives

Demonstrative pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Indefinate Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

Reciprocal Pronouns