Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)
'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)


Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. '''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.
'''Bold''' marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), <font color="red">red</font> consonantal. ''Italic'' cases are unclear.


Mari and Permic feature an ''ad hoc'' reconstruction with the following features:
Mari and Permic feature an ''ad hoc'' reconstruction with the following features:
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Abbreviations used:
Abbreviations used:
'''B.''' = Baltic, '''Cf.''' = 'compare', '''En''' = Enets, '''Er.''' = Erźa, '''Es.''' = Estonian, '''F.''' = Finnish, '''Gmc.''' = Germanic, '''H.''' = Hungarian, '''Hi.''' = Hill Mari, '''IA''' = Indo-Aryan, '''IE''' = Indo-European, '''K.''' = Komi, '''Ka.'' = Kamass, '''Kh.''' = Khanty, '''Li.''' = Livonian, '''Ma.''' = Mari, '''Me.''' = Meadow Mari, '''Mk.''' = Mokša, '''Mo.''' = Mordvinic, '''Ms.''' = Mansi, '''N''' = North, '''Ne.''' = Nenets, '''Ng.''' = Nganasan, '''P.''' = Permic, '''PU''' = Proto-Uralic, '''S.''' = Samic, South, '''Se.''' = Selkup, '''Smy.''' = Samoyedic, '''U.''' = Udmurt, '''Ve.''' = Veps
'''B.''' = Baltic, '''Cf.''' = 'compare', '''En''' = Enets, '''Er.''' = Erźa, '''Es.''' = Estonian, '''F.''' = Finnish, '''Gmc.''' = Germanic, '''H.''' = Hungarian, '''Hi.''' = Hill Mari, '''IA''' = Indo-Aryan, '''IE''' = Indo-European, '''K.''' = Komi, '''Ka.''' = Kamass, '''Kh.''' = Khanty, '''Li.''' = Livonian, '''Ma.''' = Mari, '''Me.''' = Meadow Mari, '''Mk.''' = Mokša, '''Mo.''' = Mordvinic, '''Ms.''' = Mansi, '''N''' = North, '''Ne.''' = Nenets, '''Ng.''' = Nganasan, '''P.''' = Permic, '''PU''' = Proto-Uralic, '''S.''' = Samic, South, '''Se.''' = Selkup, '''Smy.''' = Samoyedic, '''U.''' = Udmurt, '''Ve.''' = Veps


{| cellpadding="0"|
{| cellpadding="0"|
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! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8" | Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. & Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'')
! colspan="8" | Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*oo'', H. ''a'', Ms. & Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'')
|-
|-
| "bit"
| "bit"
| F. pala || '''*pultəš''' || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| F. pala || '''*pultəš''' || - || fal || *puul || *puul || *pålä
| Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole"
| Possibly K. '''palak''' "hole"
|-
| "fish"
| F. kala || '''*kol''' || - || hal || *kuul || *kuul || *kålä
|-
|-
| "pot"
| "pot"
Line 29: Line 32:
| "to open"
| "to open"
| Mk. panže- || *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
| Mk. panže- || *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
|-
| "young deer"
| Mk. śarda || *šaarðɤ || - || - || *suurtə || *suurtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
|-
|-
| "to scoop"
| "to scoop"
Line 54: Line 60:
| F. palva- || || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| F. palva- || || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
| "crow"
| F. varis || - || - || varjuu || style="color:red"| *uurin || style="color:red"| *uurŋ- ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "sun"
| F. kaja- || *kaaja- || - || - || - || - || *kåjå
| F. kaja- || *kaaja- || - || - || - || - || *kåjå
|-
| "in heat"
| S. *čóðé- || - || K. '''ćual-''' || salad- || - || - || style="color:red"| *såjä
| F. '''suota'''? Smy palatal assimilation?
|-
| "to present"
| Mk. kaźe- || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
|-
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
|-
| "to thro"
| Mo. kaja- || - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
| Homophonic with the prev.
|-
|-
| "foot"
| "foot"
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| F. hara || *šaar || - || - || - || - || -
| F. hara || *šaar || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', H. ''aa'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| S. *kóðé- || *koðV- || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
| S. *kóðé- || *koðV- || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || '''haɟ-''' || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
|-
|-
| "to steal"
| "to steal"
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|-
|-
| "flood, lake"
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || - || '''aar''' || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| F. sarajas || - || - || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || *śur- || saar- || style="color:red"| *šuur- || #saar- || -
|-
| "low ground"
| "low ground"
| - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
| - || - || U. śum || - || *suujəm || *saajəm || -
|-
|-
| "crust"
| "crust"
| F. kamara || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| '''haaml-''' || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| F. kamara || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| haaml- || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| U. also kɤm
| U. also kɤm
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || K. '''kulɤm''' || '''haalo''' || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| F. kalin || - || K. '''kulɤm''' || haalo || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
|-
|-
| "to stand"
| "to stand"
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|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"|Indistinct between the previous two
! colspan="8"|Indistinct between the previous two
|-
| "fish"
| F. kala || ''*kol'' || - || hal || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| Ma. & Kh. disagree
|-
|-
| "to carry"
| "to carry"
| F. kanta- || ''*kaande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
| F. kanta- || ''*kaande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
| Ma. & Kh. disagree the ''other'' way
| Ma. & Kh. disagree (in a different direction from "fish")
|-
| "crow"
| F. varis || - || - || varjuu || *uurin || ''*uurŋ-'' ~ ''warŋ-'' || '''*wər-'''
|-
|-
| "to sink"
| "to sink"
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| "to step"
| "to step"
| Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || '''*čooč-''' || *čåčä-
| Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || '''*čooč-''' || *čåčä-
|-
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || ''*kooe-'' || *kooj- || hajiit- || - || - || *käjwå-
| Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
|-
| "to thro"
| Mo. kaja- || - || *kooj- <!--kujal- ~ koj- -->|| hajiit- || - || - || -
|-
| "to present"
| Mk. kaźe- || '''*kužək''' || *koodźim <!--kudźɯm ~ koźin--> || hason || - || - || *kåsɯ ?
|-
|-
| "hard"
| "hard"
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| F. aja- || - || *ooj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| F. aja- || - || *ooj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
|-
| "in heat"
| S. *čóðé- || - || K. '''ćual-''' || salad- || - || - || *såjä
| F. '''suota'''? Smy palatal assimilation?
|-
|-
| "to receive"
| "to receive"
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| "swede"
| "swede"
| Ve. nagriž || - || - || - || *nɯɯr || *naaɣər || -
| Ve. nagriž || - || - || - || *nɯɯr || *naaɣər || -
|-
| "sembra"
| - || - || *sus || - || *tɯɯt || '''*ɬɯɯɣəɬ''' || *tɯtə(k)
|-
|-
| "cartilage"
| "cartilage"
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| "to look"
| "to look"
| - || *aanče- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
| - || *aanče- || *addź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to close"
| - || paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "across"
| "across"
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| "to gro"
| "to gro"
| - || *paaše- || *pušjɯ- || - || - || - || -
| - || *paaše- || *pušjɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to unravel"
| S. '''*rúnč-''' || *raanće- || K. radź- || ronɟ || - || *ratə- || -
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
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| "to put"
| "to put"
| F. pane- || *paańəža- || *pɤn- || - || *pun- || *pan- || *pɯn-
| F. pane- || *paańəža- || *pɤn- || - || *pun- || *pan- || *pɯn-
|-
| "to close"
| - || paačke- || U. pɯškɯ- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to freeze"
| "to freeze"
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| "to bild"
| "to bild"
| F. rakenta- || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
| F. rakenta- || - || - || rak- || - || - || -
|-
| "to unravel"
| S. '''*rúnč-''' || *raanće- || K. radź- || ronɟ || - || *ratə- || -
|-
|-
| "river"
| "river"
Line 649: Line 653:
| F. '''haapa''' || *šaapke || - || - || - || - || -
| F. '''haapa''' || *šaapke || - || - || - || - || -
| S. '''*súpé'''; ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
| S. '''*súpé'''; ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
| "to get"
| F. saa- || *šoo- || *su- || - || - || - || -
| S. '''*sáké-'''
|-
|-
| "ski"
| "ski"
| style="color:red" *čójkɤ || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
| style="color:red"| *čójkɤ || - || - || - || *taj- || - || *tåj(-kə)
|-
|-
| "piece"
| "piece"
Line 677: Line 677:
| "currant"
| "currant"
| - || *šaaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
| - || *šaaptər || U. suter ~ K. '''setɤr''' || - || - || - || -
|-
| "young deer"
| Mk. śarda || *šaarðɤ || - || - || *suurtə || *suurtə || Ne. '''siraj''' ?
|-
| "to dry"
| - || - || *śur- || saar- || style="color:red"| *šuur- || #saar- || -
|-
|-
| "to dry"
| "to dry"

Revision as of 00:56, 25 June 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)

Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:

  • short vowels = branches agree
    • except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
  • Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially

Abbreviations used: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps

Lexeme FV example Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a)
"bit" F. pala *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly K. palak "hole"
"fish" F. kala *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä
"pot" F. pata *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to open" Mk. panže- *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"young deer" Mk. śarda *šaarðɤ - - *suurtə *suurtə Ne. siraj ?
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to step" F. askel- *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"mountain" S. *váré - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial
"to go carefully" S. *váncé- *waanče- U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"to hit" Mk. šavo- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- S. *cáŋmé-. Ms. transfer of labialization?
"village" F. palva- - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl - Ms. transfer of labialization?
"crow" F. varis - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər-
"sun" F. kaja- *kaaja- - - - - *kåjå
"in heat" S. *čóðé- - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation?
"to present" Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"to dig" F. kaiva- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
"to thro" Mo. kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - - Homophonic with the prev.
"foot" F. jalka *jaal - ɟalog - - -
"to grind" F. jauha- *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
"rake" F. hara *šaar - - - - -
Ma. *o, P. *oo, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also)
"to leave" S. *kóðé- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to steal" F. sala- *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"white" Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"to dry" - - *śur- saar- *šuur- #saar- -
"low ground" - - U. śum - *suujəm *saajəm -
"crust" F. kamara *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"net" F. kalin - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp -
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tensə- Finnish seiso-. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
Indistinct between the previous two
"to carry" F. kanta- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån- Ma. & Kh. disagree (in a different direction from "fish")
"to sink" F. vajo- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - - P. labial dissim.
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
"hard" S. *čárés - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə No F. or Mo.
"with" F. kanssa - *gooz - - - -
"rump" Mk. kaska - *koos - - - -
"to roash" F. paahta- - *pɤɤž- - - - - P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
"to drive" F. aja- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"to receive" F. saa- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
"in-law" F. nato *nuðo - - - - *nåto
"to want" Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"death" F. kalma - - - - *kålm- Cf. "to die"
"knot" Mk. pakškä - - - - - *påktV
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå- S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit"
"crane" Mk. karga - - - - - *kårə ? F. kurki
"thru" Mk. šačk - - - - - Se. sačk Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman"
Apparent std. PU *ax
"streak" F. juoni - - - - - - Mo. jan
"shelter" F. suoja *šaaj *saj - - - -
"bed" F. vuode *aaĺ - - if F. not ← vuota ← B.
"mountain" F. vuori  *waar   Related to *wara?
"tree spec." F. saarni *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to lecture" F. saarna- - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. *sárné (if not ← F)
""
Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision)
"pit" F. kuoppa U. gop Coincidental?
"crust" F. kuori - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- Sk. ker- ? Mo. kaŕ
"spruce" S. *kósɤ *kož U. kɯz ~ K. koz - *kawt *kooɬ *kåət F. kuusi, Mo. kuz
"to die" F. kuole- *kole- *kul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə- Mo. kulo-
"to lick" F. nuole- *nɤɤle- *ńul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- S. noaló-, Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms
"berry" F. puola - K. pul boĺoo, boɟoo ? *pul - *pål-
"intestine" F. suoli *šol *śul - - *sol -
"pole" F. vuoli - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol *uj
"year" F. vuosi - *vaa vaĺ - *ål ? -
""
Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long *ɤ, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë_i)
"tree stump" F. kanto - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"pole" F. salko - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
"100" Mk. śada *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ?
"land" F. maa *mü, *mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - Reduction of *x? Monosyllabic?
"wet place" Mk. nar *nöre- *ńur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"land" F. lansi Hi. landaka *lud - - - *lɤmtu- ← IE at least in Ma?
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
"hair" S. *vóptɤ *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede" Ve. nagriž - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"vein" Mk. san *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn *ëx! F. suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj *ëx! F. nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ?? *ëx! F. suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom
"to bite" S. kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - - No F. or Mo.
"bitter" F. katkera *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? - Deriv. of the previous?
"child, cradle" F. lapsi *lɤpš - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
"to produce" F. suolta- - *ćɤlt- - - - - if F. not ← *soxli
"to reach" Er. saźu- *sudź- - - - - -
"to whittle" F. vuole- - *vɤl- - *walt- *walt-
Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *ül *ul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"to divide" F. jaka- - *juk - *jåɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
"sembra" - - *sus - *tɯɯt *ɬɯɯɣəɬ *tɯtə(k) Ms. per original closed syllable?
"liver" F. maksa *mokš *musk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- *optə- K. oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"to giv" F. anta- - *ud- ad- - - -
to be sorted
"lord" Mk. azor - *oozɯr - *aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/-
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - - fal - *pal -
"to touch" F. kajoa- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- - S. kájó-
"aunt" Mk. ańa- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań- *anəkə Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
"light" F. salama - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *wole- *wɯɯɣəl ? aa~ee -
"smell" F. katku K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. prev.
"meadow" Es. aas - *adź asoo - - -
"brain" F. aivo - aɟ - - - Mk. uj ?
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to chop" Er. čapo- - *čup- - - *čopam - S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev.
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"to accuse" NS guoccot - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words!
"groove" F. latu *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rotten" - *kaaškə- *kuź - - - -
"early" - *aažno *vaadź - - - - Can also be *o?
"to look" - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"to close" - paačke- U. pɯškɯ- - - - -
"across" - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
"to ask" - *jaada- *jual- - - - -
"tail" - *paač *bɤɤž - *panš *poč *pančå Could also be *o?
"to gro" - *paaše- *pušjɯ- - - - -
"to unravel" S. *rúnč- *raanće- K. radź- ronɟ - *ratə- -
"to dig" Mk. kara- *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"to be born" Mk. šačo- *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"wet" Mk. načka *naačkə - - - *ńašak - Khanty "raw"
"to shoot" F. ampa- U. ɯb- - - - - S. ámpo-
"pale" - šapa- - saapad- - - -
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- -
"father-in-law" F. appi *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"value" F. arvo - K. arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"rotten" S. *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"gruel" Mk. jam - - - - - *jämä
"resin" F. kata - - - - *kåCə S. kɤččé, koaccé
"to breik" F. katkea- *kɤɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"gull" F. kajava K. gaďa - *kåjik - - S. kájéké
"membrane" F. kalvo *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi
"arch" S. kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar - Might be *o, despite F. kaari
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"coarse" F. karke- - *gɯr- - - - -
"to gro" F. kasva- *kuška- hason ? - - - - H. "use, advantage"
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- -
"roof" F. lakka - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"pond" F. lampi Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"flat side" F. lapa - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. next!
"flat" F. lappea *lap *laap lap - E. lapsək - S. *láppɤ "aside"
"to get wet" *lóccɤ- *löčä- - - - - -
"valley" In. lakso *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"snot" F. natta - - - - - Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
"fishing gear" - *mača - - - - Se. maaše- Coincidental?
"woods" S. *móiðé - - - - - Se. mačče Weak. IS "hunt"
"rodent" Mk. maksa- - - - - *maaɣ - Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
"berry" F. marja *mör - - *maari ? *muur- ? - OU may be related to *mura
"to be able" Mk. mašto- *mɤšte- - - *muust- *moštə- -
"blueberry" - *moodə - - - - Ka. modo
"beaver" F. majava U. mɯj ~ K. moj S. *májéké, Er. mijav
"to bury" - *müde- *mudɯ- - - - -
"to sink" - - - maart- *muur- *marət-
"penis" S. *póčɤ - - fas - - -
"thru" Mk. pačk - K. pɯšji - *puuš - Se. pooč
"painted" - ? pač U. pužɯ - - - Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu-
"to press" F. paina- - *paańV- - *pańəɣt - Ka. paŋdə-
"willow" F. paju *baď faɟal - - *pewə
"to burst" F. pakahtu- - - fakad- - *paaɣ- -
"much" F. paljo Hi. pülä - - *paal - *påj F. possibly ← Gmc.
"to put" F. pane- *paańəža- *pɤn- - *pun- *pan- *pɯn-
"to freeze" Mk. palo- - - faɟ *paaĺ- *pojət-
"flock" F. parvi - *pur - - *parə -
"good" Mk. para *pooro *bur - - - - ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
"gadfly" Es. parm *paarmə - - - - - F. paarm, Mo. purom
"hole" - *raaž K. roź rees - - -
"close" F. rakas - - rokon *raaw *raɣ -
"to bild" F. rakenta- - - rak- - - -
"river" Mk. rava - - - - *roɣə - Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud"
"to want" F. havi- - - - *taŋk- *ɬaŋkaa- - Ve. habi-
"asp" F. haapa *šaapke - - - - - S. *súpé; ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
"ski" *čójkɤ - - - *taj- - *tåj(-kə)
"piece" F. sukku - - sak - *sak -
"thick" F. sakea *šukɤ K. suk - - - -
"to stand" - *šaa(l)ɣ- *sul- aall- - - - U. also sɯl-
"to split" F. sali- - - sil - - - Cf. F. säle "splinter"
"net needle" S. *čópsémé *šaapš - - *taas #sååpəs - No F. or Mo. Possibly *o?
"currant" - *šaaptər U. suter ~ K. setɤr - - - -
"to dry" - - - asoo *taaš #såås
"1000" - - *śurs - *šaatər- *ťarəs Cf. "100"
"series" F. sarja - *śoor - - - -
"gold, copper" - - - arań *tarəń *ɬoorńə
"to hurry" - - - sorog- #surəkt *saarək
"to shade" - *šöšte- K. saśtɯ- - - - - "to darken" vs. "to hide"
"sister" Mk. sazor *šɤɤžar *soozər F. sisar ← B.
"staff" F. sauva - - - *suuw *soɣ - S. *čávŋé
Loan etymologies available for some branches
"door bolt" F. sarana U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"bitter" F. karvas - *kurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? - F. may be ← Baltic
"bay" F. lahti - - - *look *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"hut" F. talas - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". S. *tálo & F. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- - U. kaźal- - - - - S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc.
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" F. lauta - - - - - *lAta F & S. ← Baltic?
"branch" F. hanka - - aag *tɯɯɣ *ɬaɣə - F. ← Gmc.
"cheap" F. halpa *šulðɤ - - - - - F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"sour" F. hapan *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"2" S. *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kekta in eastern branches
"armpit" Mk. kaval *koŋla *kun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"nits" Mk. śar̥ka *šarkeńe *śerel - N. seeri ? E. sɯr ? Ka. šurijar ? S. čívrós, F. saivar
"elm" Mk. śäĺi *šol - sil - - - F. salava "willow" ? Might be *ä.
"fly" Mk. karvo *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"skis" SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" S. kótó- - - - - - Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-
"vessel" F. saima- - U. śumɯk - - *sooma ? Se. somma ? Mo. śuma, śima. Semantics all over the place.


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