Dal'qörian personal pronouns: Difference between revisions
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[[Dal'qörian| | [[Dal'qörian|Homepage]] | ||
[[Dal'qörian pronouns|back to Dalcurian pronouns]] | [[Dal'qörian pronouns|back to Dalcurian pronouns]] | ||
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Personal pronouns refer to people or things. | Personal pronouns refer to people or things. | ||
=='''Nominative (subject) pronouns'''== | |||
The Dalcurian ''nominative'' personal pronouns (the subject of the sentence or clause) are: | The Dalcurian ''nominative'' personal pronouns (the subject of the sentence or clause) are: | ||
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As you can see, the subject pronouns can also carry the present tense inflections of the verb to be: ''am, are, is''. In Dalcurian, one can assume that ''am/are/is'' can always be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is: | As you can see, the subject pronouns can also carry the present tense inflections of the verb to be: ''am, are, is''. In Dalcurian, one can assume that ''am/are/is'' can always be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is: | ||
* Followed by a present participle (a verb with the ia inflection) | * Followed by a present participle (a verb with the '''ia''' inflection) | ||
* Followed by an 'uninflected' adjective (including modifying words such as ''very/extremely'') | |||
''am/are/is'' are not to be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is: | ''am/are/is'' are not to be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is: | ||
* Followed by a modal verb (see '''Verbs-''Modals''''') | * Followed by a modal verb (see '''Verbs-''Modals''''') | ||
* Followed by the infinitive | |||
*Followed by the imperfect and perfect past tense | |||
*Followed by an inflected adjective | |||
examples: | examples: | ||
* '''Binä göria nöra'''. ''I am going now.'' | * '''Binä göria nöra'''. ''I '''am''' going now.'' | ||
* '''Di gadörajel tädø'''. ''The dogs are tired.'' | * '''Di gadörajel tädø'''. ''The dogs '''are''' tired.'' | ||
* '''Dörac iáda, ména gä’vecsár!''' ''We argued all day!'' | * '''Dörac iáda, ména gä’vecsár!''' ''We argued all day!'' | ||
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* '''Öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri'''. ''She was very depressed for a long time.'' | * '''Öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri'''. ''She was very depressed for a long time.'' | ||
* '''Iáda, | * '''Iáda, Garé recévria ni Bemöa'''. ''Gary '''is''' getting a BMW today.'' | ||
* '''Stæ’irønet, vonéri sol, eviár binä abödä'''. ''I rarely get home before 6.'' | * '''Stæ’irønet, vonéri sol, eviár binä abödä'''. ''I rarely get home before 6.'' | ||
* '''Éren voltir ni didérämös'''. ''They want a drink.'' | * '''Éren voltir ni didérämös'''. ''They want a drink.'' | ||
---- | ---- | ||
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* They told '''us''' to go-away! | * They told '''us''' to go-away! | ||
Dalcurian accusative (or objective) pronouns inflect to show this, but nouns do not: | |||
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
---- | ---- | ||
==='''Dative (indirect object) pronouns'''=== | ==='''Dative (indirect object) pronouns'''=== | ||
The Dalcurian dative simply puts the preposition '''te'''-''to'' before a nominative pronoun (or noun) as a 'non-static' prefix (prefixes that attach with a high apostrophe). This then means the phrase must follow prepositional word order wherever necessary: | |||
* '''Binä, te'sia, gä’andöcr di lalégraj'''. ''I gave her the book/I gave the book to her''. | * '''Binä, te'sia, gä’andöcr di lalégraj'''. ''I gave her the book/I gave the book to her''. Lit: ''I, to she, gave the book''. | ||
* '''Sia, te'binä, gä’ädandöcr'''. ''She gave it back to me/She gave me it back''. | * '''Sia, te'binä, gä’ädandöcr'''. ''She gave it back to me/She gave me it back''. Lit: ''She, to me, returned it''. | ||
---- | |||
=='''Dummy pronoun'''== | |||
The dummy pronoun '''it''' is used in English as follows: | The dummy pronoun '''it''' is used in English as follows: | ||
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* '''It''' is raining, '''it''' isn't fair | * '''It''' is raining, '''it''' isn't fair | ||
'''it''' in this instance doesn't really refer to anything or an object, but is used to make the sentence grammatical. In Dalcurian, '''tiÞ''' is never used as a dummy pronoun; the adverb '''danöÞ''' | '''it''' in this instance doesn't really refer to anything or an object, but is used to make the sentence grammatical. In Dalcurian, '''tiÞ''' is never used as a dummy pronoun; the adverb '''danöÞ''' idiomatically replaces this: | ||
* '''DanöÞ danpöria'''. ''It's raining''. | * '''DanöÞ danpöria'''. ''It's raining''. | ||
* '''DanöÞ morgér,, taÞ ela qoÞ'''. ''It seems that all is ok''. | * '''DanöÞ morgér,, taÞ ela qoÞ'''. ''It seems that all is ok''. | ||
Revision as of 13:47, 24 June 2009
Personal pronouns refer to people or things.
Nominative (subject) pronouns
The Dalcurian nominative personal pronouns (the subject of the sentence or clause) are:
| binä | I/I am |
| diö | you/you are |
| mæ | he/he is |
| sia | she/she is |
| éren | they/they |
| tiÞ | it/it is |
| ména | we/we are |
There are also two impersonal pronouns in Dalcurian: minä-you/one and minäla-they, and these are used when referring to people in general, the subjunctive mood, and to equate the use of the passive tense in English (see Verbs):
- Am iáda, minä näocr nörasägrax Dal'qörian! One cannot learn Dalcurian in a day!
- Minäla gä’escanostr di abödä,, qösra tiÞ gé’stæméras. The house was demolished because it was dangerous. (lit: They demolished the house, because it was unsafe).
As you can see, the subject pronouns can also carry the present tense inflections of the verb to be: am, are, is. In Dalcurian, one can assume that am/are/is can always be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:
- Followed by a present participle (a verb with the ia inflection)
- Followed by an 'uninflected' adjective (including modifying words such as very/extremely)
am/are/is are not to be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:
- Followed by a modal verb (see Verbs-Modals)
- Followed by the infinitive
- Followed by the imperfect and perfect past tense
- Followed by an inflected adjective
examples:
- Binä göria nöra. I am going now.
- Di gadörajel tädø. The dogs are tired.
- Dörac iáda, ména gä’vecsár! We argued all day!
- Öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri. She was very depressed for a long time.
- Iáda, Garé recévria ni Bemöa. Gary is getting a BMW today.
- Stæ’irønet, vonéri sol, eviár binä abödä. I rarely get home before 6.
- Éren voltir ni didérämös. They want a drink.
Accusative (direct object) pronouns
The accusative pronoun is the 'object' of the sentence or the thing that is affected by the action of the verb:
- I asked him.
- She gave her the book.
- They told us to go-away!
Dalcurian accusative (or objective) pronouns inflect to show this, but nouns do not:
| binöra | me/myself |
| diöra | you/yourself |
| mæöra | him/himself |
| siöra | her/herself |
| érenöra | them/themselves |
| tiÞöra | it/itself |
| ménöra | us/ourselves |
Dative (indirect object) pronouns
The Dalcurian dative simply puts the preposition te-to before a nominative pronoun (or noun) as a 'non-static' prefix (prefixes that attach with a high apostrophe). This then means the phrase must follow prepositional word order wherever necessary:
- Binä, te'sia, gä’andöcr di lalégraj. I gave her the book/I gave the book to her. Lit: I, to she, gave the book.
- Sia, te'binä, gä’ädandöcr. She gave it back to me/She gave me it back. Lit: She, to me, returned it.
Dummy pronoun
The dummy pronoun it is used in English as follows:
- It is raining, it isn't fair
it in this instance doesn't really refer to anything or an object, but is used to make the sentence grammatical. In Dalcurian, tiÞ is never used as a dummy pronoun; the adverb danöÞ idiomatically replaces this:
- DanöÞ danpöria. It's raining.
- DanöÞ morgér,, taÞ ela qoÞ. It seems that all is ok.
