Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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(*ma *pa *ra)
m (intrecon tweaks)
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Mari and Permic feature an ''ad hoc'' reconstruction with the following features:
Mari and Permic feature an ''ad hoc'' reconstruction with the following features:
* *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɯ *i = branches agree
* short vowels = branches agree
* Mari *aa *oo = /a o/ in Hill Mari, /o u/ in Meadow Mari
** except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
* Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
* Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
* Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
** In Komi, /v/ appears initially
** In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Line 225: Line 226:
|-
|-
| "to lick"
| "to lick"
| F. nuole- || '''*nɤle-''' || *ńul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-''' || *ńal- || ''*ńåə-''
| F. nuole- || '''*nɤɤle-''' || *ńul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-''' || *ńal- || ''*ńåə-''
| Mo. ''nola-''. Check Smy forms
| S. ''noaló-'', Mo. ''nola-''. Check Smy forms
|-
|-
| "berry"
| "berry"
Line 473: Line 474:
|-
|-
| "to breik"
| "to breik"
| F. katkea- || '''*kɤčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
| F. katkea- || '''*kɤɤčkeða-''' || U. kwačkal- || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "gull"
| "gull"

Revision as of 05:32, 22 June 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)

Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:

  • short vowels = branches agree
    • except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
  • Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Lexeme FV example Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ma. *aa, P. *oo, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. (standard PU *a)
"bit" F. pala *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly Komi palak "hole"
"pot" F. pata *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to open" Mk. panže- *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to step" F. askel- *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"mountain" S. *váré - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial
"to go carefully" S. *váncé- *waanče- U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"to hit" Mk. šavo- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Samic *cáŋmé-. Ms. transfer of labialization?
"village" F. palva- - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl - Ms. transfer of labialization?
"sun" F. kaja- *kaaja- - - - - *kåjå
"foot" F. jalka *jaal - ɟalog - - -
"to grind" F. jauha- *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
Ma. *o, P. *oo, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. (standard PU *a also)
"to leave" S. *kóðé- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to steal" F. sala- *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"white" Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"crust" F. kamara *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"net" F. kalin - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp -
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tensə- Finnish seiso-. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?)
Indistinct between the previous two
"fish" F. kala *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä Ma. & Kh. disagree
"to carry" F. kanta- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån- Ma. & Kh. disagree the other way
"crow" F. varis - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər-
"to sink" F. vajo- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - - P. labial dissim.
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
"to dig" F. kaiva- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
"to thro" Mo. kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - -
"to present" Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"hard" S. *čárés - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə No F. or Mo.
"with" F. kanssa - *gooz - - - -
"rump" Mk. kaska - *koos - - - -
"to roash" F. paahta- - *pɤɤž- - - - - P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length?
"to drive" F. aja- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"in heat" S. *čóðé- - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation?
"to receive" F. saa- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
"in-law" F. nato *nuðo - - - - *nåto
"to want" Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"death" F. kalma - - - - *kålm- Cf. "to die"
"knot" Mk. pakškä - - - - - *påktV
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå- S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit"
"crane" Mk. karga - - - - - *kårə ? F. kurki
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman"
Apparent std. PU *ax
"streak" F. juoni - - - - - - Mo. jan
"shelter" F. suoja *šaaj *saj - - - -
"bed" F. vuode *aaĺ - - if F. not ← vuota ← B.
"mountain" F. vuori  *waar   Related to *wara?
"tree spec." F. saarni *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to lecture" F. saarna- - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. *sárné (if not ← F)
""
Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision)
"pit" F. kuoppa U. gop Coincidental?
"crust" F. kuori - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- Sk. ker- ? Mo. kaŕ
"spruce" S. *kósɤ *kož U. kɯz ~ K. koz - *kawt *kooɬ *kåət F. kuusi, Mo. kuz
"to die" F. kuole- *kole- *kul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə- Mo. kulo-
"to lick" F. nuole- *nɤɤle- *ńul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- S. noaló-, Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms
"berry" F. puola - K. pul boĺoo, boɟoo ? *pul - *pål-
"intestine" F. suoli *šol *śul - - *sol -
"pole" F. vuoli - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol *uj
"year" F. vuosi - *vaa vaĺ - *ål ? -
""
Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long , Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. (standard PU *ë_i)
"tree stump" F. kanto - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"pole" F. salko - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
"100" Mk. śada *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ?
"land" F. maa *mü, *mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - Reduction of *x?
"wet place" Mk. nar *nöre- *ńur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"land" F. lansi Hi. landaka *lud - - - *lɤmtu- ← IE at least in Ma?
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
"hair" S. *vóptɤ *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede" Ve. nagriž - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"vein" Mk. san *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn *ëx! F. suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj *ëx! F. nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ?? *ëx! F. suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom
"to bite" S. kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - - No F. or Mo.
"bitter" F. katkera *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? - Deriv. of the previous?
"child, cradle" F. lapsi *lɤpš - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
"to produce" F. suolta- - *ćɤlt- - - - - if F. not ← *soxli
"to whittle" F. vuole- - *vɤl- - *walt- *walt-
Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *ül *ul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"to divide" F. jaka- - *juk - *jåɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
"liver" F. maksa *mokš *musk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- *optə- K. oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"to giv" F. anta- - *ud- ad- - - -
to be sorted
"lord" Mk. azor - *oozɯr - *aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/-
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - - fal - *pal -
"to touch" F. kajoa- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- - S. kájó-
"aunt" Mk. ańa- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań- *anəkə Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
"light" F. salama - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *wole- *wɯɯɣəl ? aa~ee -
"smell" F. katku K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. prev.
"meadow" Es. aas - *adź asoo - - -
"brain" F. aivo - - - - Mk. uj ?
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to chop" Er. čapo- - *čup- - - *čopam - S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev.
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"to accuse" NS guoccot - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words!
"groove" F. latu *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rotten" - *kaaškə- *kuź - - - -
"early" - *aažno *vaadź - - - - Can also be *o?
"to look" - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"across" - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
"to ask" - *jaada- *jual- - - - -
"tail" - *paač *bɤɤž - *panš *poč *pančå Could also be *o?
"to gro" - *paaše- *pušjɯ- - - - -
"to dig" Mk. kara- *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"to be born" Mk. šačo- *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"wet" Mk. načka *naačkə - - - *ńašak - Khanty "raw"
"to shoot" F. ampa- U. ɯb- - - - - S. ámpo-
"pale" - šapa- - saapad- - - -
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- -
"father-in-law" F. appi *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"value" F. arvo - K. arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"rotten" S. *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"gruel" Mk. jam - - - - - *jämä
"resin" F. kata - - - - *kåCə S. kɤččé, koaccé
"to breik" F. katkea- *kɤɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"gull" F. kajava K. gaďa - *kåjik - - S. kájéké
"membrane" F. kalvo *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi
"arch" S. kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar - Might be *o, despite F. kaari
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"coarse" F. karke- - *gɯr- - - - -
"to gro" F. kasva- *kuška- hason ? - - - - H. "use, advantage"
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- -
"roof" F. lakka - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"pond" F. lampi Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"flat side" F. lapa - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. next!
"flat" F. lappea *lap *laap lap - E. lapsək - S. *láppɤ "aside"
"to get wet" *lóccɤ- *löčä- - - - - -
"valley" In. lakso *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"snot" F. natta - - - - - Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
"fishing gear" - *mača - - - - Se. maaše- Coincidental?
"woods" S. *móiðé - - - - - Se. mačče Weak. IS "hunt"
"rodent" Mk. maksa- - - - - *maaɣ - Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
"berry" F. marja *mör - - *maari ? *muur- ? - OU may be related to *mura
"to be able" Mk. mašto- *mɤšte- - - *muust- *moštə- -
"blueberry" - *moodə - - - - Ka. modo
"beaver" F. majava U. mɯj ~ K. moj S. *májéké, Er. mijav
"to bury" - *müde- *mudɯ- - - - -
"to sink" - - - maart- *muur- *marət-
"penis" S. *póčɤ - - fas - - -
"thru" Mk. pačk - K. pɯšji - *puuš - Se. pooč
"painted" - ? pač U. pužɯ - - - Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu-
"to press" F. paina- - *paańV- - *pańəɣt - Ka. paŋdə-
"willow" F. paju *baď faɟal - - *pewə
"to burst" F. pakahtu- - - fakad- - *paaɣ- -
"much" F. paljo Hi. pülä - - *paal - *påj F. possibly ← Gmc.
"to put" F. pane- *paańəža- *pɤn- - *pun- *pan- *pɯn-
"to close" - paačke- U. pɯškɯ- - - - -
"to freeze" Mk. palo- - - faɟ *paaĺ- *pojət-
"flock" F. parvi - *pur - - *parə -
"good" Mk. para *pooro *bur - - - - ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
"gadfly" Es. parm *paarmə - - - - - F. paarm, Mo. purom
"hole" - *raaž K. roź rees - - -
"close" F. rakas - - rokon *raaw *raɣ -
"to bild" F. rakenta- - - rak- - - -
"to unravel" S. *rúnč- *raanće- K. radź- ronɟ - *ratə- -
"river" Mk. rava - - - - *roɣə - Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud"
Loan etymologies available for some branches
"door bolt" F. sarana U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"bitter" F. karvas - *kurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? - F. may be ← Baltic
"bay" F. lahti - - - *look *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"hut" F. talas - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". S. *tálo & F. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- - U. kaźal- - - - - S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc.
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" F. lauta - - - - - *lAta F & S. ← Baltic?
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"sour" F. hapan *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"2" S. *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kekta in eastern branches
"armpit" Mk. kaval *koŋla *kun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"fly" Mk. karvo *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"skis" SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" S. kótó- - - - - - Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-