Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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m (more sorting)
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|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8" | Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. & Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'')
! colspan="8" | Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. & Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'')
| Predominantly a-stems? (except possibly "to scoop")
|-
|-
| "bit"
| "bit"
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|-
|-
| "to go carefully"
| "to go carefully"
| S. '''*váncé-''' || *waanče- || U. vɯž- ~ K. '''vuž-''' || - || *wuunč- || *uunč- || *wånč-
| S. '''*váncé-''' || *waanče- || U. vɯž- ~ K. '''vuž-''' || - || *wuunč- || style="color:red"| *uunč- || *wånč-
|-
|-
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| Mk. šavo- || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || '''*čooŋk-''' || *čåŋå-
| Mk. šavo- || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || '''*čooŋk-''' || *čåŋå-
| Samic '''*cáŋmé-'''. Ms. transfer of labialization?
| Samic '''*cáŋmé-'''. Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
| "village"
| F. palva- || || - || falu || ''*pɯɯwəl'' || *puuɣəl || -
| Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "sun"
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|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
|-
| "to leave"
| S. *kóðé- || *koðV- || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
|-
|-
| "to steal"
| "to steal"
| F. sala- || *šolə- || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
| F. sala- || *šolə- || - || - || *tuul- || *ɬaal- || *tål- '''?'''
|-
| "white"
| Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
|-
| "flood, lake"
| "flood, lake"
Line 68: Line 77:
| "net"
| "net"
| F. kalin || - || K. '''kulɤm''' || '''haalo''' || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
| F. kalin || - || K. '''kulɤm''' || '''haalo''' || *kuuləp || *kaaləp || -
|-
| "to leave"
| S. *kóðé- || *koðV- || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
|-
|-
| "to stand"
| "to stand"
| Liv. saiso- || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || *tensə-
| Liv. saiso- || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || '''*tensə-'''
| Finnish '''seiso-'''. Ma & K. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?)
| Finnish '''seiso-'''. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?)
|-
| "white"
| Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"|Indistinct between the previous two
! colspan="8"|Indistinct between the previous two
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| F. vajo- || - || *vɤɤj(ɯ)- || '''vejse-''' || *uuj- || - || -
| F. vajo- || - || *vɤɤj(ɯ)- || '''vejse-''' || *uuj- || - || -
| P. labial dissim.
| P. labial dissim.
|-
| "hut"
| F. talas || - || U. '''tɯlɯs''' || - || *tuul || - || -
| Ms = "pole". Samic '''*tálo'''; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
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|-
|-
| "land"
| "land"
| F. maa || *mu || *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| F. maa || ''*mu'' || *mu || - || *mɯɯ || '''*meɣ''' || -
| *mëxi
| Reduction of *x?
|-
|-
| "wet place"
| "wet place"
| Mk. nar || *nöre- || *ńur || '''ńirok''' || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
| Mk. nar || *nöre- || *ńur || '''ńirok''' || *ńɯɯr || - || *ńɤr
|-
| "land"
| F. lansi || Hi. '''<font color="red">landaka</font>''' || *lud || - || - || - || *lɤmtu-
| ← IE at least in Ma?
|-
|-
| "gills"
| "gills"
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| "to produce"
| "to produce"
| F. suolta- || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| F. suolta- || - || *ćɤlt- || - || - || - || -
| if F. not ← *soxli
|-
|-
| "to whittle"
| "to whittle"
| F. vuole- || - || *vɤl- || - || '''*walt-''' || '''*walt-''' ||
| F. vuole- || - || *vɤl- || - || '''*walt-''' || '''*walt-''' ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''o/ü'', P. ''*u'' Ms. ''*a'', Kh. ''*uu'' / ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɯ'' (standard PU ''*ë_a'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''o/ü'', P. ''*u'' Ms. ''*a'', Kh. ''*ɯɯ'', Smy. ''*ɯ'' (standard PU ''*ë_a'' - note open syllables in Smy!)
|-
|-
| "down"
| "down"
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|-
|-
| "to put"
| "to put"
| F. ahta- || *optə- || K. '''oktɯ-'' || - || - || *ɯɯɣət || *ɯtå-
| F. ahta- || *optə- || K. '''oktɯ-''' || - || - || *ɯɯɣət || *ɯtå-
|-
| "to stretch"
| S. *ńóncé- || || *ńuž- || - || '''*ńuunš-''' || *ńɯɯnč || -
|-
| "to giv"
| F. anta- || - || *ud- || ad- || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| to be sorted
! colspan="8"| to be sorted
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| "wall"
| "wall"
| F. pato || || - || fal || - || *pal || -
| F. pato || || - || fal || - || *pal || -
|-
| "beginning"
| style="color:red"| F. alka- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || style="color:red"| *olə-
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
|-
| "to touch"
| "to touch"
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| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| Mk. valgo- || *wole- || || || *wɯɯɣəl || ? aa~ee || -
| Mk. valgo- || *wole- || || || *wɯɯɣəl || ? aa~ee || -
|-
| "village"
| F. palva- || || - || falu || *pɯɯwəl || *puuɣəl || -
|-
|-
| "smell"
| "smell"
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| Er. čapo- || - || *čup- || - || - || *čopam || -
| Er. čapo- || - || *čup- || - || - || *čopam || -
| S. '''*cápɤ-'''. Cf. prev.
| S. '''*cápɤ-'''. Cf. prev.
|-
| "to stretch"
| S. *ńóncé- || || *ńuž- || - || *ńuunš- || *ńɯɯnč || -
|-
| "to giv"
| F. anta- || - || *ud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to take off; to be able"
| "to take off; to be able"
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| F. ampa- || || U. ɯb- || - || - || - || -
| F. ampa- || || U. ɯb- || - || - || - || -
| S. '''ámpo-'''
| S. '''ámpo-'''
|-
| "land"
| F. lansi || style="color:red"| Hi. landaka || *lud || - || - || - || *lɤmtu-
| ← IE?
|-
|-
| "pale"
| "pale"
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| F. lahti || - || - || - || *look || *lok || -
| F. lahti || - || - || - || *look || *lok || -
| F & S. ← Baltic?
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
| "hut"
| F. talas || - || U. '''tɯlɯs''' || - || *tuul || - || -
| Ms = "pole". S. '''*tálo''' & F. may be ← Baltic *tala-
|-
|-
| "far"
| "far"
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|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Messy crap
! colspan="8"| Messy crap
|-
| "beginning"
| style="color:red"| F. alka- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || style="color:red"| '''*olə-'''
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
|-
| "sour"
| "sour"

Revision as of 01:09, 22 June 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)

Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:

  • *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɤ *ɯ *i = branches agree
  • Mari *aa *oo = /a o/ in Hill Mari, /o u/ in Meadow Mari
  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Lexeme FV example Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ma. *aa, P. *oo, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a)
"bit" F. pala *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly Komi palak "hole"
"pot" F. pata *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to open" Mk. panže- *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to step" F. askel- *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"mountain" S. *váré - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial
"to go carefully" S. *váncé- *waanče- U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"to hit" Mk. šavo- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Samic *cáŋmé-. Ms. transfer of labialization?
"village" F. palva- - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl - Ms. transfer of labialization?
"sun" F. kaja- *kaaja- - - - - *kåjå
"foot" F. jalka *jaal - ɟalog - - -
Ma. *o, P. *oo, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also)
"to leave" S. *kóðé- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to steal" F. sala- *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"white" Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"crust" F. kamara *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"net" F. kalin - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp -
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tensə- Finnish seiso-. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?)
Indistinct between the previous two
"fish" F. kala *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä Ma. & Kh. disagree
"to carry" F. kanta- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån- Ma. & Kh. disagree the other way
"crow" F. varis - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər-
"to sink" F. vajo- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - - P. labial dissim.
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
"to dig" F. kaiva- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
"to thro" Mo. kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - -
"to present" Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"hard" S. *čárés - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə No F. or Mo.
"with" F. kanssa - *gooz - - - -
"rump" Mk. kaska - *koos - - - -
"to drive" F. aja- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"in heat" S. *čóðé- - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation?
"to receive" F. saa- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"in-law" F. nato *nudo - - - - *nåto
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå- S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit"
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman"
Apparent std. PU *ax
"streak" F. juoni - - - - - - Mo. jan
"shelter" F. suoja *šaaj *saj - - - -
"bed" F. vuode *aaĺ - - if F. not ← vuota ← B.
"mountain" F. vuori  *waar   Related to *wara?
"tree spec." F. saarni *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to lecture" F. saarna- - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. *sárné (if not ← F)
""
Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision)
"pit" F. kuoppa U. gop Coincidental?
"crust" F. kuori - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- Sk. ker- ? Mo. kaŕ
"spruce" S. *kósɤ *kož U. kɯz ~ K. koz - *kawt *kooɬ *kåət F. kuusi, Mo. kuz
"to die" F. kuole- *kole- *kul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə- Mo. kulo-
"to lick" F. nuole- *nɤle- *ńul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms
"berry" F. puola - K. pul boĺoo, boɟoo ? *pul - *pål-
"intestine" F. suoli *šol *śul - - *sol -
"pole" F. vuoli - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol *uj
"year" F. vuosi - *vaa vaĺ - *ål ? -
""
Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long *ɤ, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë_i)
"tree stump" F. kanto - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"pole" F. salko - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
"100" Mk. śada *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ?
"land" F. maa *mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - Reduction of *x?
"wet place" Mk. nar *nöre- *ńur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"land" F. lansi Hi. landaka *lud - - - *lɤmtu- ← IE at least in Ma?
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
"hair" S. *vóptɤ *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede" Ve. nagriž - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"vein" Mk. san *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn *ëx! F. suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj *ëx! F. nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ?? *ëx! F. suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom
"to bite" S. kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - - No F. or Mo.
"bitter" F. katkera *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? - Deriv. of the previous?
"child, cradle" F. lapsi *lɤpš - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
"to produce" F. suolta- - *ćɤlt- - - - - if F. not ← *soxli
"to whittle" F. vuole- - *vɤl- - *walt- *walt-
Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *ül *ul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"to divide" F. jaka- - *juk - *jåɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
"liver" F. maksa *mokš *musk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- *optə- K. oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"to giv" F. anta- - *ud- ad- - - -
to be sorted
"lord" Mk. azor - *oozɯr - *aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/-
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - fal - *pal -
"to touch" F. kajoa- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- - S. kájó-
"aunt" Mk. ańa- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań- *anəkə Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
"light" F. salama - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *wole- *wɯɯɣəl ? aa~ee -
"smell" F. katku K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. prev.
"meadow" Es. aas - *adź asoo - - -
"brain" F. aivo - aɟ - - - Mk. uj ?
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to chop" Er. čapo- - *čup- - - *čopam - S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev.
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"to accuse" NS guoccot - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words!
"groove" F. latu *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rotten" - *kaaškə- *kuź - - - -
"early" - *aažno *vaadź - - - - Can also be *o?
"to look" - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"across" - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
"to ask" - *jaada- *jual- - - - -
"to dig" Mk. kara- *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"to be born" Mk. šačo- *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"to grind" F. jauha- *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
"wet" Mk. načka *naačkə - - - *ńašak - Khanty "raw"
"to shoot" F. ampa- U. ɯb- - - - - S. ámpo-
"pale" - šapa- - saapad- - - -
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- -
"father-in-law" F. appi *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"value" F. arvo - K. arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"rotten" S. *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"gruel" Mk. jam - - - - - *jämä
"resin" F. kata - - - - *kåCə S. kɤččé, koaccé
"to breik" F. katkea- *kɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"gull" F. kajava K. gaďa - *kåjik - - S. kájéké
"death" F. kalma - - - - *kålm- From *kaxli- "to die"
"membrane" F. kalvo *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi
"arch" S. kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar -
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"crane" Mk. karga - - - - - *kårə ? F. kurki
"to want" Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"coarse" F. karke- - *gɯr- - - - -
"to gro" F. kasva- *kuška- hason ? - - - - H. "use, advantage"
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- -
"roof" F. lakka - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"pond" F. lampi Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"flat side" F. lapa - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. next!
"flat" F. lappea *lap *laap lap - E. lapsək - S. *láppɤ "aside"
"to get wet" *lóccɤ- *löčä- - - - - -
"valley" In. lakso *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"snot" F. natta - - - - - Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
Loan etymologies available for some branches
"door bolt" F. sarana U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"bitter" F. karvas - *kurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? - F. may be ← Baltic
"bay" F. lahti - - - *look *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"hut" F. talas - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". S. *tálo & F. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- - U. kaźal- - - - - S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc.
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" F. lauta - - - - - *lAta F & S. ← Baltic?
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"sour" F. hapan *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"2" S. *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kekta in eastern branches
"armpit" Mk. kaval *koŋla *kun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"fly" Mk. karvo *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"skis" SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" S. kótó- - - - - - Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-

Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric

Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.

Mansi

Proto-Mansi North () East () South () West ()
*aa åå
*ɯɯ aa ɤɤ
*uu uu uu

Khanty

Proto-Khanty North () East () South (DN)
*aa ɔɔ aa aa
*åå ɔɔ
*oo uu o oo
*ɯɯ ɯɯ
*uu uu uu
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