Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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m (sort P *u)
(sorting)
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! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8" | Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*ɤɤ''? Ms. / Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'')
! colspan="8" | Ma. ''*aa'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. & Kh. ''*uu'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'')
| Predominantly a-stems? (with the exception of "crow" and possibly "to scoop")
| Predominantly a-stems? (except possibly "to scoop")
|-
| "fish"
| F. kala || '''*kol''' || - || hal || *kuul || *kuul || *kålä
|-
|-
| "bit"
| "bit"
Line 26: Line 23:
| "pot"
| "pot"
| F. pata || *paat || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
| F. pata || *paat || - || fazeek || *puut || *puut || -
|-
| "to open"
| Mk. panže- || *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
|-
|-
| "to scoop"
| "to scoop"
Line 33: Line 33:
| F. aro || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
| F. aro || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to step"
| Mk. panže- || *paača- || -|| - || *puunš || *puunč || -
| F. askel- || *aaškəl- || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
|-
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
| "crow"
| F. varis || - || - || varjuu || *uurin || *uurŋ- ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
|-
|-
| "mountain"
| "mountain"
| S. '''*váré''' || - || *vɤɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| S. '''*váré''' || - || *vɤɤr || - || '''*wur''' || *wuur || *wårå
| <!--Permic is also K. "forest", U. "hill".-->
| P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial <!--Permic is also K. "forest", U. "hill".-->
|-
|-
| "to go carefully"
| "to go carefully"
Line 48: Line 46:
| "to hit"
| "to hit"
| Mk. šavo- || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || '''*čooŋk-''' || *čåŋå-
| Mk. šavo- || *čaaŋɣe- || - || - || ''*šɯɯŋkʷ-'' || '''*čooŋk-''' || *čåŋå-
| Samic '''*cáŋmé-'''. Note Ms. transfer of labialization!
| Samic '''*cáŋmé-'''. Ms. transfer of labialization?
|-
| "to sink"
| F. vajo- || - || *vɤɤj(ɯ)- || '''vejse-''' || *uuj- || - || -
|-
| "hut"
| F. talas || - || U. tɯlɯs || - || *tuul || - || -
| Ms = "pole". Samic '''*tálo'''; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
|-
| "to step"
| Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || '''*čooč-''' || *čåčä-
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "sun"
Line 67: Line 55:
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
! colspan="8"| Ma. ''*o'', P. ''*oo'', Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
|-
| "to carry"
| F. kanta- || '''*kaande-''' || - || - || *kuunt || *kaant || *kån-
|-
|-
| "to steal"
| "to steal"
Line 76: Line 61:
| "flood, lake"
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || - || '''aar''' || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| F. sarajas || - || - || '''aar''' || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
|-
| "crust"
| F. kamara || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| '''haaml-''' || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| U. also kɤm
|-
|-
| "net"
| "net"
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| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| S. *kóðé- || *koðV- || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
| S. *kóðé- || *koðV- || U. '''kɯĺ-''' ~ K. koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
|-
| "to stand"
| Liv. saiso- || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || *tensə-
| Finnish '''seiso-'''. Ma & K. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?)
|-
| "white"
| Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"|Indistinct between the previous two
|-
| "fish"
| F. kala || ''*kol'' || - || hal || *kuul || ''*kuul'' || *kålä
| Ma. & Kh. disagree
|-
| "to carry"
| F. kanta- || ''*kaande-'' || - || - || *kuunt || ''*kaant'' || *kån-
| Ma. & Kh. disagree the ''other'' way
|-
| "crow"
| F. varis || - || - || varjuu || *uurin || ''*uurŋ-'' ~ ''warŋ-'' || '''*wər-'''
|-
| "to sink"
| F. vajo- || - || *vɤɤj(ɯ)- || '''vejse-''' || *uuj- || - || -
| P. labial dissim.
|-
| "hut"
| F. talas || - || U. '''tɯlɯs''' || - || *tuul || - || -
| Ms = "pole". Samic '''*tálo'''; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
|-
|-
| "to step"
| "to step"
| F. askel- || '''*aaškəl-''' || *ooćkVl- <!--ućkɯl- ~ vośkol- -->|| - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || '''*čooč-''' || *čåčä-
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
|-
|-
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
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| S. '''*čárés''' || - || *ćoorɯd <!--ćurɯt ~ ćorɯd--> || - || - || - || *sårə
| S. '''*čárés''' || - || *ćoorɯd <!--ćurɯt ~ ćorɯd--> || - || - || - || *sårə
| No F. or Mo.
| No F. or Mo.
|-
| "crust"
| F. kamara || *kom || *koomVĺ <!--K -il -ɯl -ɤl-->|| '''haaml-''' || '''köömtol ~ kamtul?''' || - || Ne. såw
| U. also kɤm
|-
|-
| "with"
| "with"
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| F. aja- || - || *ooj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| F. aja- || - || *ooj- || - || '''*wujt-''' || - || -
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
| ← IE *aɟe- ?
|-
| "white"
| Mk. akša || *oš || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
|-
| "in heat"
| "in heat"
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|-
|-
| "to receive"
| "to receive"
| F. saa- || ''*šoo-'' || K. '''su-''' || - || - || - || *tåj-
| F. saa- || ''*šoo-'' || K. ''su-'' || - || - || - || *tåj-
| *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x-
| *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
|-
|-
| "word"
| "word"
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| Mk. vajmä || || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *wäjŋ-
| Mk. vajmä || || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *wäjŋ-
| Smy. palzn; S. '''vájmó''', Er. '''ojme''', F. vaimo "woman"
| Smy. palzn; S. '''vájmó''', Er. '''ojme''', F. vaimo "woman"
|-
| "to stand"
| Liv. saiso- || '''*šinće-''' || K. '''sidź-''' || - || *tuunś || *ɬaanć || *tensə-
| Finnish '''seiso-'''. Ma & K. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?)
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Apparent std. PU ''*ax''
! colspan="8"| Apparent std. PU ''*ax''
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|-
|-
| "spruce"
| "spruce"
| S. *kósɤ || *kož || U. kɯz ~ K. koz || - || style0"color:red"| *kawt || *kooɬ || *kåət
| S. *kósɤ || *kož || U. kɯz ~ K. koz || - || style="color:red"| '''*kawt''' || *kooɬ || *kåət
| F. '''kuusi''', Mo. ''kuz''
| F. '''kuusi''', Mo. ''kuz''
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| "berry"
| "berry"
| F. puola || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boĺoo, boɟoo ?''' || ''*pul'' || - || '''*pål-'''
| F. puola || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boĺoo, boɟoo ?''' || *pul || - || '''*pål-'''
|-
|-
| "intestine"
| "intestine"
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|-
|-
| "pole"
| "pole"
| F. vuoli || - || K. '''ɯɯ''' ? || - || ''*ula'' || *wol || *uj
| F. vuoli || - || K. '''ɯɯ''' ? || - || *ula || *wol || *uj
|-
|-
| "year"
| "year"

Revision as of 00:31, 22 June 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)

Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:

  • *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɤ *ɯ *i = branches agree
  • Mari *aa *oo = /a o/ in Hill Mari, /o u/ in Meadow Mari
  • Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
    • In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Lexeme FV example Mari Permic Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ma. *aa, P. *oo, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a) Predominantly a-stems? (except possibly "to scoop")
"bit" F. pala *pultəš - fal *puul *puul *pålä Possibly Komi palak "hole"
"pot" F. pata *paat - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to open" Mk. panže- *paača- - - *puunš *puunč -
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
"to step" F. askel- *aaškəl- *ooćkVl- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"mountain" S. *váré - *vɤɤr - *wur *wuur *wårå P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial
"to go carefully" S. *váncé- *waanče- U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"to hit" Mk. šavo- *čaaŋɣe- - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Samic *cáŋmé-. Ms. transfer of labialization?
"sun" F. kaja- *kaaja- - - - - *kåjå
"foot" F. jalka *jaal - ɟalog - - -
Ma. *o, P. *oo, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also)
"to steal" F. sala- *šolə- - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"crust" F. kamara *kom *koomVĺ haaml- köömtol ~ kamtul? - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"net" F. kalin - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp -
"to leave" S. *kóðé- *koðV- U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tensə- Finnish seiso-. Ma & K. point to original *ä. (Mordvinic *śta- ← IE?)
"white" Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
Indistinct between the previous two
"fish" F. kala *kol - hal *kuul *kuul *kålä Ma. & Kh. disagree
"to carry" F. kanta- *kaande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån- Ma. & Kh. disagree the other way
"crow" F. varis - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər-
"to sink" F. vajo- - *vɤɤj(ɯ)- vejse- *uuj- - - P. labial dissim.
"hut" F. talas - U. tɯlɯs - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". Samic *tálo; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
"to dig" F. kaiva- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-
"to thro" Mo. kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - -
"to present" Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ?
"hard" S. *čárés - *ćoorɯd - - - *sårə No F. or Mo.
"with" F. kanssa - *gooz - - - -
"rump" Mk. kaska - *koos - - - -
"to drive" F. aja- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"in heat" S. *čóðé- - K. ćual- salad- - - *såjä F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation?
"to receive" F. saa- *šoo- K. su- - - - *tåj- *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-)
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"in-law" F. nato *nudo - - - - *nåto
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå- S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit"
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman"
Apparent std. PU *ax
"streak" F. juoni - - - - - - Mo. jan
"shelter" F. suoja *šaaj *saj - - - -
"bed" F. vuode *aaĺ - - if F. not ← vuota ← B.
"mountain" F. vuori  *waar   Related to *wara?
"tree spec." F. saarni *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to lecture" F. saarna- - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. *sárné (if not ← F)
""
Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision)
"pit" F. kuoppa U. gop Coincidental?
"crust" F. kuori - K. kɯrś - *kur- *kor- Sk. ker- ? Mo. kaŕ
"spruce" S. *kósɤ *kož U. kɯz ~ K. koz - *kawt *kooɬ *kåət F. kuusi, Mo. kuz
"to die" F. kuole- *kole- *kul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə- Mo. kulo-
"to lick" F. nuole- *nɤle- *ńul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms
"berry" F. puola - K. pul boĺoo, boɟoo ? *pul - *pål-
"intestine" F. suoli *šol *śul - - *sol -
"pole" F. vuoli - K. ɯɯ ? - *ula *wol *uj
"year" F. vuosi - *vaa vaĺ - *ål ? -
""
Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long *ɤ, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë_i)
"tree stump" F. kanto - (K. gɯd) - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango *poŋɣɤ - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"pole" F. salko - K. dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ?
"100" Mk. śada *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ?
"land" F. maa *mu *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - *mëxi
"wet place" Mk. nar *nöre- *ńur ńirok *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm *naašmə K. ńokćim - *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni
"hair" S. *vóptɤ *üp - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"swede" Ve. nagriž - - - *nɯɯr *naaɣər -
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés *nörɣə - ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr
"vein" Mk. san *šün *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn *ëx! F. suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaal *ńɤəj *ëx! F. nuoli
"fish skin" Mk. śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Ne. śaaw ?? *ëx! F. suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom
"to bite" S. kácké- *kaačka- K. gɤčkɯ- - - - - No F. or Mo.
"bitter" F. katkera *kaača- U. kɤš - *kɯɯšɣə ? *kiičə ? - Deriv. of the previous?
"child, cradle" F. lapsi *lɤpš - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
"to produce" F. suolta- - *ćɤlt- - - - -
"to whittle" F. vuole- - *vɤl- - *walt- *walt-
Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *uu / *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *ül *ul al- *jal *ɯɯl *ɯlə
"to divide" F. jaka- - *juk - *jåɣtit ? *jɯɯɣəɬ *jɤkə- Ms. East only. Check Smy forms.
"liver" F. maksa *mokš *musk maaj *majət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to put" F. ahta- *optə- K. 'oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
to be sorted
"lord" Mk. azor - *oozɯr - *aatər - - Komi ozɯr without /v/-
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs äŋ *vɤɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - fal - *pal -
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"to touch" F. kajoa- - - *kaaj- *kaaj- - S. kájó-
"aunt" Mk. ańa- - U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań- *anəkə Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
"light" F. salama - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *wole- *wɯɯɣəl ? aa~ee -
"village" F. palva- - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəl -
"smell" F. katku K. kočɯs - - - - Cf. prev.
"meadow" Es. aas - *adź asoo - - -
"brain" F. aivo - aɟ - - - Mk. uj ?
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - - Onomatopoetic?
"to chop" Er. čapo- - *čup- - - *čopam - S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev.
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"to giv" F. anta- - *ud- ad- - - -
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - *juskɯ- - - - - Er. jukśe-
"to accuse" NS guoccot - U. kušɯ - - - - No other words!
"groove" F. latu *laaðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rotten" - *kaaškə- *kuź - - - -
"early" - *aažno *vaadź - - - - Can also be *o?
"to look" - *aanče- *addź- - - - -
"across" - *kaač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
"to ask" - *jaada- *jual- - - - -
"to dig" Mk. kara- *kaare- K. kɯr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɯr- in general "to wash"
"to be born" Mk. šačo- *šaača- U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"to grind" F. jauha- *jaaŋɤže- - - - - -
"wet" Mk. načka *naačkə - - - *ńašak - Khanty "raw"
"to shoot" F. ampa- U. ɯb- - - - - S. ámpo-
"land" F. lansi Hi. landaka *lud - - - *lɤmtu- ← IE?
"pale" - šapa- - saapad- - - -
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- -
"father-in-law" F. appi *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"value" F. arvo - K. arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"rotten" S. *cómcé *šać *žoodź - - - -
"gruel" Mk. jam - - - - - *jämä
"resin" F. kata - - - - *kåCə S. kɤččé, koaccé
"to breik" F. katkea- *kɤčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - -
"gull" F. kajava K. gaďa - *kåjik - - S. kájéké
"death" F. kalma - - - - *kålm- From *kaxli- "to die"
"membrane" F. kalvo *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi
"arch" S. kóŋɤr - - - - *kooŋkar -
"dry place" F. kaŋŋas *kaŋɣa - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"crane" Mk. karga - - - - - *kårə ? F. kurki
"to want" Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"instrument" Mk. kaŕźi *kärəš U. kɯre(d)ź - - - -
"coarse" F. karke- - *gɯr- - - - -
"to gro" F. kasva- *kuška- hason ? - - - - H. "use, advantage"
"to (let) go" Mk. laśka- - *ledź- - *laśke- ? *låsɣə- -
"roof" F. lakka - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"pond" F. lampi Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"flat side" F. lapa - - - N. lop? - *lɤpä Cf. next!
"flat" F. lappea *lap *laap lap - E. lapsək - S. *láppɤ "aside"
"to get wet" *lóccɤ- *löčä- - - - - -
"valley" In. lakso *laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - naas *nääji *naaji ? -
"snot" F. natta - - - - - Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi-
Loan etymologies available for some branches
"door bolt" F. sarana U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"bitter" F. karvas - *kurɯd - - *koorəɣ ? - F. may be ← Baltic
"bay" F. lahti - - - *look *lok - F & S. ← Baltic?
"far" F. kauka(lo) - - - - *kooɣ? - Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
"to look" F. katso- - U. kaźal- - - - - S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc.
"flat" F. lattea *laptɤ - - - *laaptək *lApta ? F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" F. lauta - - - - - *lAta F & S. ← Baltic?
Messy crap
"sour" F. hapan *šaabə - sava-, sooska- *šɯɯɣ- *čoɣ- ? - Coincidental?
"2" S. *kókté *kok *kɯk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kekta in eastern branches
"armpit" Mk. kaval *koŋla *kun hoon *kanəl *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal
"fly" Mk. karvo *karme - - - - - F. kärpänen
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
"skis" SS. laabje - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"to graze" S. kótó- - - - - - Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu-

Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric

Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.

Mansi

Proto-Mansi North () East () South () West ()
*aa åå
*ɯɯ aa ɤɤ
*uu uu uu

Khanty

Proto-Khanty North () East () South (DN)
*aa ɔɔ aa aa
*åå ɔɔ
*oo uu o oo
*ɯɯ ɯɯ
*uu uu uu
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