Low German: Difference between revisions
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{{Language| | {{Language| | ||
| English = Low German | | English = Low German | ||
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}} | }} | ||
=History and Stages= | ==History and Stages== | ||
* Stages of Low German | * Stages of Low German | ||
** [[Old Saxon]] | ** [[Old Saxon]] | ||
| Line 27: | Line 26: | ||
** [[Low Saxon]] aka Low German | ** [[Low Saxon]] aka Low German | ||
=Difference between [[High German|High]] and Low German= | ==Difference between [[High German|High]] and Low German== | ||
High German differs from other West German languages such as Low German, [[Modern English|English]], and [[Dutch]] in that [[High German]] when through the [[High German Consonant Shift]]. The High German Consonant Shift (or HGCS) is the sound shift where; | High German differs from other West German languages such as Low German, [[Modern English|English]], and [[Dutch]] in that [[High German]] when through the [[High German Consonant Shift]]. The High German Consonant Shift (or HGCS) is the sound shift where; | ||
# Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]], | # Non-geminated voicless [[Stop|stops]] became [[Fricative|fricatives]], | ||
| Line 35: | Line 34: | ||
The last stage was shared by Low German and [[Dutch]] as well as [[High German]]. | The last stage was shared by Low German and [[Dutch]] as well as [[High German]]. | ||
=Orthography= | ==Orthography== | ||
Because there is no standard dialect of Low German, there is no standard orthography. It can often differ by region. | Because there is no standard dialect of Low German, there is no standard orthography. It can often differ by region. | ||
=Grammar= | ==Grammar== | ||
==Gender and Number== | ===Gender and Number=== | ||
There are three genders in Low German: Neuter, Masculine, and Feminine. There are two numbers as well: Singular and Plural. | There are three genders in Low German: Neuter, Masculine, and Feminine. There are two numbers as well: Singular and Plural. | ||
==Articles== | ===Articles=== | ||
The Masculine and Feminine genders take the definite article '''de'''. The Neuter form takes the article '''dat'''. The plural for all this is '''de'''. This makes it very close to its cousin of [[Dutch]] which has a similar pattern (save '''het''' instead of '''dat'''.) | The Masculine and Feminine genders take the definite article '''de'''. The Neuter form takes the article '''dat'''. The plural for all this is '''de'''. This makes it very close to its cousin of [[Dutch]] which has a similar pattern (save '''het''' instead of '''dat'''.) | ||
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† '''sien''' or '''ehr''' appear after the noun in Genitive. | † '''sien''' or '''ehr''' appear after the noun in Genitive. | ||
==Nouns== | ===Nouns=== | ||
There are 4 cases, although the dative and accusative are often collapsed together in Low German. This is reflected in the articles as well. The most common form of the plural is found in the ending '''-s''' but there are others, similar to those found in [[Dutch]] or [[High German]]. | There are 4 cases, although the dative and accusative are often collapsed together in Low German. This is reflected in the articles as well. The most common form of the plural is found in the ending '''-s''' but there are others, similar to those found in [[Dutch]] or [[High German]]. | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==Adjectives and Adverbs== | ===Adjectives and Adverbs=== | ||
===Adjectives=== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
===Adverbs=== | ====Adverbs==== | ||
==Conjunctions== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
==Preposition== | ===Preposition=== | ||
==Verbs== | ===Verbs=== | ||
===Present=== | ====Present==== | ||
===Future=== | ====Future==== | ||
===Past=== | ====Past==== | ||
===Present Perfect=== | ====Present Perfect==== | ||
===Imperative=== | ====Imperative==== | ||
=Sources and Further Readings= | ==Sources and Further Readings== | ||
[[Catgory:Germanic natlangs]] | |||
Revision as of 15:29, 12 June 2009
| Low German Nedersaksisch Plattdüütsch | |
| Spoken in: | Germany, Netherlands, Denamrk (Norddütschland) |
| Conworld: | Real world |
| Total speakers: | unknown |
| Genealogical classification: | Indo-European
|
| Basic word order: | SVO, OVS/V2 |
| Morphological type: | inflecting |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | nominative-accusative |
| Writing system: | |
| Created by: | |
| unknown | 1800-Present C.E. |
History and Stages
- Stages of Low German
- Old Saxon
- Middle Low Saxon
- Low Saxon aka Low German
Difference between High and Low German
High German differs from other West German languages such as Low German, English, and Dutch in that High German when through the High German Consonant Shift. The High German Consonant Shift (or HGCS) is the sound shift where;
- Non-geminated voicless stops became fricatives,
- Geminated, nasal-adjacent and liquid-adjacent voiceless stops became affricates,
- Voiced stops became voiceless stops, and finally
- All interdental fricatives (/ð/ and /θ/) became the dental stop and/or Alveolar stop /d̻/ and /d/.
The last stage was shared by Low German and Dutch as well as High German.
Orthography
Because there is no standard dialect of Low German, there is no standard orthography. It can often differ by region.
Grammar
Gender and Number
There are three genders in Low German: Neuter, Masculine, and Feminine. There are two numbers as well: Singular and Plural.
Articles
The Masculine and Feminine genders take the definite article de. The Neuter form takes the article dat. The plural for all this is de. This makes it very close to its cousin of Dutch which has a similar pattern (save het instead of dat.)
The Indefinite article is the same for all, it is een, en, and 'n.
Compare these with the German Articles]:
| Cases | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural (all Genders) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | de | de | dat | de |
| Genitive | den (-s)(sien)† | de (ehr) | dat (sien) | de (ehr) |
| Dative | den | de | dat | de |
| Accusative | den | de | dat | de |
† sien or ehr appear after the noun in Genitive.
Nouns
There are 4 cases, although the dative and accusative are often collapsed together in Low German. This is reflected in the articles as well. The most common form of the plural is found in the ending -s but there are others, similar to those found in Dutch or High German.
Here are examples for all three genders:
Masculine:
| Cases | Macker 'Guy' | Mackers'Guys' | Appel 'Apple' | Appeln 'Apples' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | De Macker | De Mackers | De Appel | De Appeln |
| Genitive | Den Macker(s) (sien) | De Mackers (ehr) | Den Appels (sien) | De Appeln (ehr) |
| Dative | Den Macker | De Mackers | Den Appel | De Appeln |
| Accusative | Den Macker | De Mackers | Den Appel | De Appeln |
Feminine:
| Cases | Hand 'Hand' | Hände 'Hands' | Fru 'Woman' | Fruuslü 'Women' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | De Hann | De Hannen | De Fru | De Fruuslü |
| Genitive | De Hann (ehr) | De Hannen (ehr) | De Fru (ehr) | De Fruuslü (ehr) |
| Dative | De Hann | De Hannen | De Fru | De Fruuslü |
| Accusative | De Hann | De Hannen | De Fru | De Fruuslü |
Neuter:
| Cases | Schiff 'Ship' | Schiffe 'Ships' | Wief'Wife' | Wiefer'Wives' |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Dat Schipp | De Schipps | Dat Wief | De Wiever |
| Genitive | Dat Schipp (sien) | De Schipps (ehr) | Dat Wief (sien) | De Wiever (ehr) |
| Dative | Dat Schipp | De Schipps | Dat Wief | De Wiever |
| Accusative | Dat Schipp | De Schipps | Dat Wief | De Wiever |
