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{| class="wikitable"
Kuma-Koban is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European language]] spoken in the [[Wikipedia:North_Caucasus|North Caucasus]] during the [[Wikipedia:Bronze_Age_collapse late|bronze-age]], principally in the area around the [[Wikipedia:Kuma-Manych_Depression|Kuma-Manych depression]]. Nominally, it belongs to an independent branch of the IE family, though many characteristics point to a [[Wikipedia:Proto-Greek_language|pre-Proto-Greek]] or [[Wikipedia:Anatolian_languages|Anatolian]] origin.
|+ First and Second Person Pronouns
 
| || colspan="2" |First|| colspan="2" |Second
==Culture==
The Kuma-Koban people show material practices consistent with those of the [[Wikipedia:Srubna_culture|Srubna Culture]], with influence from the older Koban-Culture.
 
==Phonology==
Kuma-Koban is rather conservative in terms of its phonological development away from PIE. It shows twelve plosive to six non-plosive consonants, and six vowel qualities and two lengths.
 
The langauge only displays two fricatives, of which /h/ has a rather limited distribution, found only word-initially and between /a/ (for good historical reasons: /h/ < PIE *h2 or, more rarely, *h3).
 
===Major Historical Developments===
There are four main historical developments from [[Wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European_language|PIE]] to Kuma-Koban which deserve special consideration. These are, in their presumed order of occurrence, the preservation of PIE ''*h₂'' and ''*h₃'' as consinants before ''*e'', the vocalization of syllabic resonants, the splitting of the labiovelar series, and [[Wikipedia:Grassmann%27s_law|Grassmann's law]].
 
====Laryngeal Preservation====
Kuma-Koban, unlike any other language outside Anatolia, preserves the PIE laryngeals ''*h₂'' and ''*h₃'' as /h/ before ''*e''. They show the same vowel-coloring property as in other languages, changing ''*e'' to /a/ and /o/ respectively.
{|
|''*h₂ab-ōl-''
|→ haboːl-
|"fruit"
|-
|-
| ||Sg||Pl||Sg||Pl
|''*h₂euh₂-os''
|→ haːu-os
|"grandfather"
|-
|-
|Nom||éɟoː||uéi||túː||iúː
|''*h₃estH-''
|→ hostə-
|"bone"
|}
 
The laryngeals then merge completely, and are preserved as a single vowel /ə/ between consonants and at word-boundaries:
{|
|''*h₃rēǵ-''|
→ əreːɟ-
|"chief"
|-
|''*ph₂-tēr-''
|→ pʰəteːr-
|"father"
|}
 
====Syllabic Resonants====
Syllabic resonants, both alone and with laryngeals (i.e. the "long syllabics") behave much as they do in Sanskrit and Lithuanian
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" class="wikitable"
|+ PIE forms and KK Reflexes
|-
! || C_C || (C.)C_V || Cʷ_C || (C.)Cʷ_V
|-
!''*rH''
|əːr || ər || uːr || ur
|-
|-
|Abs||əmé||əsmé||tué||usmé
!''*lH''
|əːl || ə || uːl || ul
|-
|-
|Gen||əménos||əsérom||téuos||iusérom
!''*r''
| ər || r || ur || r
|-
|-
|Abl||əmét||əsmét||tuét||usmét
!''*l''
| əl || l || ul || l
|-
|-
|Dat||əméchei||əsmói||téphei||usmói
!''*mH''
| əː || əm || uː || um
|-
|-
|Loc||əmí||əsmí||tumí||usmí
!''*nH''
| əː || ən || uː || un
|-
|-
|Ins||əméi||əsméi||téi||usméi
!''*m''
| ə || (ə)m || ə || (u)m
|-
|-
!''*n''
| ə || (ə)n || ə || (u)n
|}
|}
====Labiovelars====
====Grassmann's Law====
This is a sound law governing the distribution of aspirated plosives within a root, as seen in Greek, Sanskrit, and Kuma-Koban.
===Allophony===
==Morphology==
==Morphosyntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 08:29, 30 May 2009

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The contents may be tentative, incomplete, inaccurate, in need of elaboration, subject to later revision, or just plain sketchy.

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Old Verat
Verát
Spoken in: Terek Highlands (Teregvérga)
Conworld: Khelivega Continuity
Total speakers: Roughly 300 Thousand
Genealogical classification: Indo-European
Kuma-Koban
(Subbranch)
Old Verat
Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: Inflecting
Morphosyntactic alignment: Split-S
Writing system:
Created by:
S. G. McCabe c2000 CE

Kuma-Koban is an Indo-European language spoken in the North Caucasus during the bronze-age, principally in the area around the Kuma-Manych depression. Nominally, it belongs to an independent branch of the IE family, though many characteristics point to a pre-Proto-Greek or Anatolian origin.

Culture

The Kuma-Koban people show material practices consistent with those of the Srubna Culture, with influence from the older Koban-Culture.

Phonology

Kuma-Koban is rather conservative in terms of its phonological development away from PIE. It shows twelve plosive to six non-plosive consonants, and six vowel qualities and two lengths.

The langauge only displays two fricatives, of which /h/ has a rather limited distribution, found only word-initially and between /a/ (for good historical reasons: /h/ < PIE *h2 or, more rarely, *h3).

Major Historical Developments

There are four main historical developments from PIE to Kuma-Koban which deserve special consideration. These are, in their presumed order of occurrence, the preservation of PIE *h₂ and *h₃ as consinants before *e, the vocalization of syllabic resonants, the splitting of the labiovelar series, and Grassmann's law.

Laryngeal Preservation

Kuma-Koban, unlike any other language outside Anatolia, preserves the PIE laryngeals *h₂ and *h₃ as /h/ before *e. They show the same vowel-coloring property as in other languages, changing *e to /a/ and /o/ respectively.

*h₂ab-ōl- → haboːl- "fruit"
*h₂euh₂-os → haːu-os "grandfather"
*h₃estH- → hostə- "bone"

The laryngeals then merge completely, and are preserved as a single vowel /ə/ between consonants and at word-boundaries:

→ əreːɟ-

"chief"
*ph₂-tēr- → pʰəteːr- "father"

Syllabic Resonants

Syllabic resonants, both alone and with laryngeals (i.e. the "long syllabics") behave much as they do in Sanskrit and Lithuanian

PIE forms and KK Reflexes
C_C (C.)C_V Cʷ_C (C.)Cʷ_V
*rH əːr ər uːr ur
*lH əːl ə uːl ul
*r ər r ur r
*l əl l ul l
*mH əː əm uː um
*nH əː ən uː un
*m ə (ə)m ə (u)m
*n ə (ə)n ə (u)n

Labiovelars

Grassmann's Law

This is a sound law governing the distribution of aspirated plosives within a root, as seen in Greek, Sanskrit, and Kuma-Koban.

Allophony

Morphology

Morphosyntax

Syntax

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