Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *uo; Mari *o, except *ë → ü)
'''The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a.''' (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó; Mari *o, except *ë → ü)


Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results.
Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results.
Line 32: Line 32:
| "to go carefully"
| "to go carefully"
| S. '''váncé-''' || vɯž- || vuž- || - || *wuunč- || *uunč- || *wånč-
| S. '''váncé-''' || vɯž- || vuž- || - || *wuunč- || *uunč- || *wånč-
|-
| "to step"
| Mk. šašto- || - || - || - || *šuuš- || '''*čooč-''' || *čåčä-
|-
| "to scoop"
| F. amme- || - || - || - || *uum- || *uum- || -
|-
| "marsh"
| F. aro || - || - || - || *uuraj || *uurə || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="8"| Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
! colspan="8"| Ms. ''*uu'', Kh. ''*aa'', Smy. ''*å'' (standard PU ''*a'' also)
Line 42: Line 51:
|-
|-
| "flood, lake"
| "flood, lake"
| F. sarajas || - || - || aar || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
| F. sarajas || - || - || '''aar''' || *tuur || *ɬaar || -
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
| S. *kuoðé- || kɯĺ- || koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
| S. *kóðé- || kɯĺ- || koĺ- || haɟ- || *kuuĺ- || *kaaj- || *kåjä-
|-
|-
| "to sink"
| "to sink"
Line 56: Line 65:
| "to step"
| "to step"
| F. askel- || ućkɯl- || vośkol- || - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| F. askel- || ućkɯl- || vośkol- || - || *uusəl || - || *äsəl
| Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
|-
| "white"
| Mk. akša || - || - || - || - || *aaš || -
|-
|-
| "to drive"
| "to drive"
Line 63: Line 76:
| "to dig"
| "to dig"
| F. kaiva- || kuj- || koj- || hajiit || - || - || *käjwå-
| F. kaiva- || kuj- || koj- || hajiit || - || - || *käjwå-
| Smy. palzn.
|-
| "in heat"
| S. *čóðé- || - || ćual- || salad- || - || - || *såjä
| F. '''suota'''? Smy palatal dissimilation?
|-
|-
| "to receive"
| "to receive"
Line 76: Line 94:
|-
|-
| "to rain"
| "to rain"
| F. sata- || - || - || - || - || - || *såtå-
| F. sata- || - || - || - || - || - || *sårå-
|-
|-
| "sun"
| "sun"
Line 85: Line 103:
|-
|-
| "branch"
| "branch"
| S. *suorké || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
| S. *sórké || - || - || - || - || - || *tårkå
|-
|-
| "to stick"
| "to stick"
| S. *čuoŋké- || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
| S. *čóŋké- || - || - || - || - || - || *såŋkə-
|-
|-
| "spirit"
| "spirit"
| Mk. vajmä || - || - || - || - || - || *wäjŋ-
| Mk. vajmä || - || - || - || - || - || *wäjŋ-
| Smy. palzn.
|-
|-
| "to stand"
| "to stand"
Line 118: Line 137:
|-
|-
| "gills"
| "gills"
| S. *ńuokčɤm || - || ńokćim || || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni)
| S. *ńókčɤm || - || ńokćim || || *ńɯɯkśəm || *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm || ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni)
| Mari '''nošmo'''
| Mari '''nošmo'''
|-
|-
| "hair"
| "hair"
| S. *vuoptɤ || - || - || - || *ɯɯt || *aapət || *ɤptə
| S. *vóptɤ || - || - || - || *ɯɯt || *aapət || *ɤptə
|-
|-
| "cartilage"
| "cartilage"
| S. *ńuorkés || || || ńiir || *ńɯɯrəɣ || *ńaarəɣ || '''*ńɤr'''
| S. *ńórkés || || || ńiir || *ńɯɯrəɣ || *ńaarəɣ || '''*ńɤr'''
| Hungarian points to ''ëx'', cf. next
| Hungarian points to ''ëx'', cf. next
|-
|-
Line 141: Line 160:
|-
|-
| "bird cherry"
| "bird cherry"
| S. *ðuomɤ || colspan="2" align="center"| *ĺɤm || - || *ĺɯɯm || '''*joom''' || *jɤəm
| S. *ðómɤ || colspan="2" align="center"| *ĺɤm || - || *ĺɯɯm || '''*joom''' || *jɤəm
| ''ëx''! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin '''ĺom''', Mari '''lom'''
| ''ëx''! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin '''ĺom''', Mari '''lom'''
|-
|-
Line 155: Line 174:
| "down"
| "down"
| F. ala- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ul || al- || *jaal || *ɯɯɬ || *ɯlə
| F. ala- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ul || al- || *jaal || *ɯɯɬ || *ɯlə
| Mari '''ïl'''
| Mari '''ül'''
|-
|-
| "liver"
| "liver"
Line 168: Line 187:
|-
|-
| "opening"
| "opening"
| S. *vuoŋɤs || ɯm || vom ~ vɤm || aj ~ aaj || - || *ooŋ || *äŋ
| S. *vóŋɤs || ɯm || vom ~ vɤm || aj ~ aaj || - || *ooŋ || *äŋ
| Mo. '''*oŋkśt''', Mari '''äŋ''' - here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
| Mo. '''*oŋkśt''', Mari '''äŋ''' - here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
|-
|-
| "tame"
| "tame"
| S. *vuońɤs || - || - || - || - || *ońɯ || *ɯńə
| S. *vóńɤs || - || - || - || - || *ońɯ || *ɯńə
|-
|-
| "wall"
| "wall"
| F. pato || - || - || fal || - || *paɬ || -
| F. pato || - || - || fal || - || *paɬ || -
|-
| "beginning"
| F. alka- || - || - || - || *aawəl || *aaɬəŋ || *olə-
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
|-
| "mother-in-law"
| "mother-in-law"
Line 188: Line 211:
|-
|-
| "to open"
| "to open"
| F. ava- || - || - || old-, ood- || *ɯɯŋk- || ?? aa~ee || -
| F. ava- || - || - || old-, ood- || *ɯɯŋk- || *ääŋ-? aa~ee || -
|-
|-
| "to leave"
| "to leave"
Line 198: Line 221:
|-
|-
| "to stretch"
| "to stretch"
| S. *ńuoncé- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńuž- || - || *ńuunš- || *ńɯɯnč || -
| S. *ńóncé- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńuž- || - || *ńuunš- || *ńɯɯnč || -
|-
| "meadow"
| Es. aas || aź || adź || asoo || - || - || -
|-
| "to hit"
| Mk. ćapa- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ćapkɯ- || čap- || - || - || -
|-
| "brain"
| F. aivo || - || - || aɟ|| - || - || -
| Mk. '''uj''' ?
|-
| "to conjure"
| Er. al(s)ta- || - || - || aald- || - || *aaɬəɬ- || -
| Mari '''ulte-'''
|-
| "to giv"
| F. anta- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ud- || ad- || - || - || -
|-
| "to shoot"
| F. ampa- || ɯb- || - || - || - || - || -
| S. '''ámpo-'''
|-
| "aunt"
| Mk. ańa- || ańɯ || ɤń || aanɟ, ańa || *aań- || *anəkə || Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
|-
| "to be born"
| Mk. šačo- || čɯžɯ- || ćuž- || - || *šašə || *čačə || *čäčə
|-
| "early"
| Ma. ožno || vaź || vodź || - || - || - || -
|-
| "to look"
| Ma. onče- || colspan="2" align="center"| *addź- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "father-in-law"
| F. appi || - || - || ipa || *up || *uup || *əpə
| Mari owo
|-
| "value"
| F. arvo || - || arta- || aar || - || - || -
| ← Indo-Iranian
|-
| "place"
| F. ase- || - || - || - || - || - || Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso
| Mo. *äźem
|-
| "sleigh"
| F. ahkio || - || - || - || - || *oɣəɬ || Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
|-
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || dźɯrɯ || dźir || čir || - || - || -
| Technology anachronism! F. may be from Baltic.
|-
| "hard"
| S. '''*čárés''' || ćurɯt || ćorɯd || - || - || - || *sårə
|}
|}
<!-- Delt |-
<!-- Wuzzat *ča-.
|-
| ""
| || || || || || ||
Delt |-
| "to flay"
| "to flay"
| S. *ńuovɤ- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| S. *ńóvɤ- || colspan="2" align="center"| *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| Could also be *o-->
| Rather looks like *o
|-
| "goose"
| S. '''*hɤŋá''' || - || - || - || *ɯɯŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åwå'''
| Sami root shape not of Uralic form.
|-
| "ice crust"
| S. *čóké || - || - || zaj || *såj || *ťooɣ || -
| Initials a mess.
-->


==Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric==
==Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric==

Revision as of 14:02, 22 May 2009

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó; Mari *o, except *ë → ü)

Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results.

Lexeme FV example Udmurt Komi Hungarian Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ms. / Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a)
"fish" F. kala - - hal *kuul *kuuɬ *kålä
"bit" F. pala - - fal *puul *puuɬ *pålä Mari pultəš, possibly Komi palak "hole"
"pot" F. pata - - fazeek *puut *puut -
"to open" Mk. panže- - - - *puunš *puunč -
"crow" F. varis - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər-
"mountain" S. *váré - - - *wur *wuur *wårå F. vuori pointing to *ax
"to go carefully" S. váncé- vɯž- vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"to step" Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä-
"to scoop" F. amme- - - - *uum- *uum- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - *uuraj *uurə -
Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also)
"to carry" F. kanta- - - - *kuunt *kaant *kån-
"to steal" F. sala- - - - *tuul- *ɬaaɬ- *tål- ?
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - aar *tuur *ɬaar -
"to leave" S. *kóðé- kɯĺ- koĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä-
"to sink" F. vajo- vɯjɯ- vɤj- vejse- *uuj- - -
"hut" F. talas tɯlɯs - - *tuul - - Ms = "pole". Samic *tálo; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala-
"to step" F. askel- ućkɯl- vośkol- - *uusəl - *äsəl Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda.
"white" Mk. akša - - - - *aaš -
"to drive" F. aja- uj- voj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ?
"to dig" F. kaiva- kuj- koj- hajiit - - *käjwå- Smy. palzn.
"in heat" S. *čóðé- - ćual- salad- - - *såjä F. suota? Smy palatal dissimilation?
"to receive" F. saa- - su- - - - *tåj- *saxi
"word" F. vala - - - - - *wålä
"in-law" F. nato - - - - - *nåto Mari nudo
"to rain" F. sata- - - - - - *sårå-
"sun" F. kaja- - - - - - *kåjå
"ground" F. tanner - - - - - *tåntə-
"branch" S. *sórké - - - - - *tårkå
"to stick" S. *čóŋké- - - - - - *såŋkə-
"spirit" Mk. vajmä - - - - - *wäjŋ- Smy. palzn.
"to stand" Liv. saiso- - sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć - Highly irregular: Finnish seiso-, Mordvinic *śta-, *Mari šinće-
Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë)
"tree stump" F. kanto - gid - *kɯɯnt *kaant - Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong
"mushroom" Mk. pango - - - *pɯɯŋk *paaŋk -
"pole" F. salko - dźal saal *sɯɯɣlaa *saaɣəɬ - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa ?
"wet place" Mk. ńar *ńur *ńɯɯr - *ńɤr
"100" Mk. śada śu śo saaz *šɯɯt *saat - ← PII *śata; separate loans?
"gills" S. *ńókčɤm - ńokćim *ńɯɯkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni) Mari nošmo
"hair" S. *vóptɤ - - - *ɯɯt *aapət *ɤptə
"cartilage" S. *ńórkés ńiir *ńɯɯrəɣ *ńaarəɣ *ńɤr Hungarian points to ëx, cf. next
"vein" Mk. san *sɤn iin *tɯɯn *ɬaan *čɤn ëx! Finnish suoni
"arrow" Mk. nal ńil ńɯl ńiil *ńɯɯl *ńaaɬ *ńɤəj ëx! Finnish nuoli, Mari nölö ??
"fish skin" Mk. śav *śɤm - *sɯɯm *saam Nen. śaaw ?? ëx! Finnish suomu
"bird cherry" S. *ðómɤ *ĺɤm - *ĺɯɯm *joom *jɤəm ëx! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin ĺom, Mari lom
"land" F. maa *mu - *mɯɯ *meɣ - ëxi! Mari mu
"child, cradle" F. lapsi - - - - - *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə
Ms. *aa, Kh. *uu / *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ï ?)
"down" F. ala- *ul al- *jaal *ɯɯɬ *ɯlə Mari ül
"liver" F. maksa *musk maaj *maajət *muuɣəɬ *mɯtə
"to put" F. ahta- - oktɯ- - - *ɯɯɣət *ɯtå-
"lord" Mk. azor uzɯr ozɯr - *aatər - -
to be sorted
"opening" S. *vóŋɤs ɯm vom ~ vɤm aj ~ aaj - *ooŋ *äŋ Mo. *oŋkśt, Mari äŋ - here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ?
"tame" S. *vóńɤs - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"wall" F. pato - - fal - *paɬ -
"beginning" F. alka- - - - *aawəl *aaɬəŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå
"to hit" Mk. šavo- - - - *šɯɯŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Samic *cáŋmé-. Note Mansi labialization!
"light" F. salama - - - *sɯɯl *sal- *sålə
"to open" F. ava- - - old-, ood- *ɯɯŋk- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to leave" Mk. valgo- *wɯɯɣəl ? aa~ee - Mari wole
"village" F. palva- - - falu *pɯɯwəl *puuɣəɬ -
"to stretch" S. *ńóncé- *ńuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč -
"meadow" Es. aas aź adź asoo - - -
"to hit" Mk. ćapa- *ćapkɯ- čap- - - -
"brain" F. aivo - - aɟ - - - Mk. uj ?
"to conjure" Er. al(s)ta- - - aald- - *aaɬəɬ- - Mari ulte-
"to giv" F. anta- *ud- ad- - - -
"to shoot" F. ampa- ɯb- - - - - - S. ámpo-
"aunt" Mk. ańa- ańɯ ɤń aanɟ, ańa *aań- *anəkə Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ?
"to be born" Mk. šačo- čɯžɯ- ćuž- - *šašə *čačə *čäčə
"early" Ma. ožno vaź vodź - - - -
"to look" Ma. onče- *addź- - - - -
"father-in-law" F. appi - - ipa *up *uup *əpə Mari owo
"value" F. arvo - arta- aar - - - ← Indo-Iranian
"place" F. ase- - - - - - Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso Mo. *äźem
"sleigh" F. ahkio - - - - *oɣəɬ Nen. ŋuutuuʔ
"door bolt" F. sarana dźɯrɯ dźir čir - - - Technology anachronism! F. may be from Baltic.
"hard" S. *čárés ćurɯt ćorɯd - - - *sårə

Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric

Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.

Mansi

Proto-Mansi North () East () South () West ()
*aa åå
*ɯɯ aa ɤɤ
*uu uu uu

Khanty

Proto-Khanty North () East () South ()
*aa ɔɔ aa aa
*åå oo
*ɯɯ ɯɯ
*uu uu uu
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