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== Nominal Morphology ==
== Nominal Morphology ==


Tanemantin is a largely fusional language - inflexional morphemes can carry more than one meaning. Tanemantin nouns are declined for six cases: Absolutive, Lative, Locative, Ablative, Partitive and Ergative, aswell as singular and plural numbers. There are six noun declensions in Tanemantin, based on the final sound of the root: The first consists roots ending in a consonant other than '''s''', the second of roots ending in '''a''' or '''e'''  the third in '''i''', the fourth in '''u''', the fifth declension is for nouns ending in a long vowel or diphthong and monosyllabic words ending in a vowel, and the sixth for roots ending in '''s'''.
===Noun Classes===


Tanemantin has two noun classes: animate nouns include humans, animals, deities and spirits, aswell as certain other bodies such as '''inim''' 'the Sun' and '''lō''' 'fire'. Inanimate nouns are everything else.


===First Declension===
===Number===


'''yad''' - farmer, '''sarn''' - village
Tanemantin nouns are marked for singular, plural, and nullar numbers.


{|
The plural morpheme differs with noun class:
|| ||Singular ||Plural ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive ||'''yad''' ||'''yadi''' || '''sar''' ||'''sarni'''
|-
||Lative||'''yadi''' ||'''yadithi''' || '''sarni''' ||'''sarnithi'''
|-
||Locative ||'''yada''' ||'''yadī''' ||'''sarna''' || '''sarnī'''
|-
||Ablative ||'''yadum''' ||'''yadin''' ||'''sarnum'''|| '''sarnin'''
|-
||Partitive||'''yadnu''' ||'''yadinu''' ||'''sarn''a''nu''' || '''sarninu'''
|-
||Ergative ||'''yadas''' ||'''yadī''' ||'''sarnas''' ||'''sarnī'''
|-
|}




===Second Declension===
The nullar is a fairly recent innovation, from the Sarim partitive case, the use of which was largely limited to the patient of negative verbs and '''*m(ə)ruʔ''' 'none' (cf. Tanemantin '''mai''' 'nothing'). By the time of Middle Tanemantin the old partitive had come to be the nullar number. Note that for this reason nullar nouns are not marked for case. 


===Cases===


'''hathra''' - woman; '''nawe''' - language
Tanemantin nouns are marked for two cases: the Absolutive and the Ergative.
 
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive ||'''hathra''' ||'''hathri''' || '''nawe''' ||'''nawi'''
|-
||Lative||'''hathrathi''' ||'''hathrithi''' || '''nawethi''' ||'''nawithi'''
|-
||Locative ||'''hathrā''' ||'''hathrī''' ||'''nawē''' || '''nawī'''
|-
||Ablative ||'''hathram''' ||'''hathrin''' ||'''nawem'''|| '''nawin'''
|-
||Partitive||'''hathranu''' ||'''hathrinu''' ||'''nawenu''' || '''nawinu'''
|-
||Ergative ||'''hathras''' ||'''hathrī''' ||'''nawes''' ||'''nawī'''
|-
|}
 
 
===Third Declension===
 
'''ari''' - man
 
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive ||'''ari''' ||'''arī'''
|-
||Lative||'''arithi''' ||'''arīthi'''
|-
||Locative ||'''arī''' ||'''ariyā'''
|-
||Ablative ||'''arim''' ||'''ariyam'''
|-
||Partitive||'''arinu''' ||'''arīnu'''
|-
||Ergative ||'''arī''' ||'''ariyas'''
|}
 
 
===Fourth Declension===
 
'''nasu''' - son, child
 
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive ||'''nasu''' ||'''nasī'''
|-
||Lative||'''nasuthi''' ||'''nasīthi'''
|-
||Locative ||'''nasū''' ||'''nasū'''
|-
||Ablative ||'''nasum''' ||'''nasuyam'''
|-
||Partitive||'''nasunu''' ||'''nasīnu'''
|-
||Ergative ||'''nasus''' ||'''nasuyas'''
|}
 
===Fifth Declension===
 
'''kansau''' - port; '''ge''' - rice
 
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive ||'''kansau''' ||'''kansauya''' || '''ge''' ||'''geya'''
|-
||Lative||'''kansauthi''' ||'''kansauyathi''' || '''gethi''' ||'''geyathi'''
|-
||Locative ||'''kansau''' ||'''kansauyā''' ||'''ge''' || '''geyā'''
|-
||Ablative ||'''kansum''' ||'''kansauyam''' ||'''geyam'''|| '''geyam'''
|-
||Partitive||'''kansaunu''' ||'''kansauyanu''' ||'''genu''' || '''geyanu'''
|-
||Ergative ||'''kansus''' ||'''kansauyas''' ||'''geyas''' ||'''geyas'''
|-
|}
 
===Sixth Declension===
 
'''mas''' - house
 
{|
|| ||Singular ||Plural
|-
||Absolutive ||'''mas''' ||'''mahi'''
|-
||Lative||'''masi''' ||'''mahithi'''
|-
||Locative ||'''masa''' ||'''mahī'''
|-
||Ablative ||'''masum''' ||'''mahin'''
|-
||Partitive||'''masnu''' ||'''mahinu'''
|-
||Ergative ||'''mas''' ||'''mahī'''
|}
 


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==

Revision as of 05:26, 29 March 2009

Tanemantin is one of the Ke:tic languages and a descendent of the classical language Sarim.


Phonology

Tanemantin distinguishes between 17 consonant phonemes

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/Affricate p /p/ t /t/ d /d/ ch /c/ c /k/ g /g/
Fricative f /ɸ/ th /θ/ s /s/ h /h/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ny /ɲ/
Liquid w /w/ l /l/ r /ɾ/ y /j/

There are four vowel phonemes /i e a o/. Length is phonemic, and long vowels are distinguished with macrons. There are also three diphthongs, all falling: /ai ei oi/.

Stress

Stress in Tanemantin is non-phonemic, always falling on the penultimate syllable of the word unless an adjacent syllable has a long vowel nucleus, in which case the stress shifts to that syllable. If both the final and antepenultimate vowels are long, stress falls on the final vowel. Monosyllabic semantic words are stressed, grammatical particles are not.

Syllable Structure

Tanemantin has a (C)V(m n s r) syllable structure, with the caveat that /h j/ do not occur following a coda consonant, and /w/ only occurs following coda /s/.

Allophony

- /n m/ are not distinguished before another consonant, but are realised as a nasal at the same point of articulation as the following consonant, e.g. /imne/ [ɪn.ne]; /ankas/ [ɐŋkɐs].

- Voicing is progressive, so that a cluster like /sd/ is realised as [st].

- The short vowels /a e i o/ tend to be realised as [ɐ ɛ ɪ ɒ] in closed syllables.

- The long vowels /a: e: i: o:/ have a tendency to develop a schwa-like glide: [aə eə iə oə].

Nominal Morphology

Noun Classes

Tanemantin has two noun classes: animate nouns include humans, animals, deities and spirits, aswell as certain other bodies such as inim 'the Sun' and lō 'fire'. Inanimate nouns are everything else.

Number

Tanemantin nouns are marked for singular, plural, and nullar numbers.

The plural morpheme differs with noun class:


The nullar is a fairly recent innovation, from the Sarim partitive case, the use of which was largely limited to the patient of negative verbs and *m(ə)ruʔ 'none' (cf. Tanemantin mai 'nothing'). By the time of Middle Tanemantin the old partitive had come to be the nullar number. Note that for this reason nullar nouns are not marked for case.

Cases

Tanemantin nouns are marked for two cases: the Absolutive and the Ergative.

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Tanemantin has the usual run of first, second, and third person pronouns in singular and plural. It also has an obviate "fourth person" pronoun, which is not declined for number. Unlike nouns, Tanemantin pronouns have a distinct genitive case in addition to the normal six cases, and for the first and second person pronouns the ergative, not the absolutive, is the base form of the pronoun.

First Person:

Singular Plural
Absolutive nan nagan
Lative nethī negī
Locative nā nagā
Ablative nam nagum
Partitive nānu naganu
Ergative nā naga
Genitive nar nagā

Second Person:

Singular Plural
Absolutive lī ligan
Lative lithī ligī
Locative lī ligā
Ablative liyum ligum
Partitive līnu liganu
Ergative li liga
Genitive lir ligā

Third Person:

Singular Plural
Absolutive un ini
Lative unī inithī
Locative una inī
Ablative unum inim
Partitive uneu iniu
Ergative us inī
Genitive una inī


Fourth Person (Obviate):

Singular Plural
Absolutive thi
Lative thī
Locative thī
Ablative thiyum
Partitive thinu
Ergative thī
Genitive thī
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