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| '''Sarim''' ([[Tanemantin]]: '''Sāyin''', [[Gretę]]: '''Zorę''') is a now-extinct [[Ke:tic]] language, from which modern Tanemantin, Gretę, and Haheri, amongst others, are descended. | | '''Sarim''' ([[Tanemantin]]: '''Sāyin''', [[Gretę]]: '''Zorę''') is a now-extinct [[Ke:tic]] language, from which modern Tanemantin, Gretę, and Haheri, amongst others, are descended. It was a strongly head-final, agglutinating, ergative language. |
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| == Phonology == | | == Phonology == |
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| |'''p''' /p/ | | |'''p''' /p/ |
| |'''t''' /t/ '''ts''' /ʦ/ | | |'''t''' /t/ '''ts''' /ʦ/ |
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| |'''k''' /k/ | | |'''k''' /k/ |
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| |- | | |- |
| |'''Fricative''' | | |'''Fricative''' |
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| '''Vowels''' | | '''Vowels''' |
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| <nowiki> /i e a o u/ <i e a o u> </nowiki>
| | /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ |
| | '''i e ɛ a ɔ o u''' |
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| '''Syllable Structure''' | | '''Syllable Structure''' |
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| The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)(C)V(V)(C), with the monovocalic nucleus being the only compulsory component, with the following caveats:
| | Sarim had a (C)(r,y,w)V(n,ʔ) structure, where '''ʔ''' represents a gemination of any following consonant. |
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| No nucleus with two vowels of the same quality occurs.
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| Coda consonants only occur word finally, and then can only be one of /t k θ s x r j m n/.
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| Word-initial clusters to not occur. Word-internally, clusters are organised into several series:
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| -the '''h''' series: /xp xt xk/
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| -the '''s''' series: /sp st sk sn sm/
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| -the '''n''' series: /nt nd nk ng nv ns nθ nm nn/
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| -the '''m''' series: /mp mt md mk mg ms mθ mr mm mn/
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| -the '''stop''' series: /ps ts ks/
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| - the '''r''' series: /rt rd rk rg rr/
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| '''Allophony'''
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| -/r/ is realised as an approximant [ɻ] before a vowel or word-finally, but [ɦ] before another consonangt.
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| - The voiceless stops are often realised as lightly aspirated.
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| - /n/ is realised at the same point of articulation as a following consonant: /nk/ = [ŋg]
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| -Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as a sequence nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps].
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| -All vowels are pronounced lax: [ɪ ɛ ɐ ɔ ʊ] when not part of a two-vowel nucleus.
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| '''Stress'''
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| Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic ,always falling on the final syllable of a word. Monosyllabic lexemes are stressed; grammatical particles are not.
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| '''Morphophonological Processes'''
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| -If two vowels of the same quality would occur within the same nucleus, the second is lost.
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| -In word-final position, /p b t d/ merge to /t/; /g f v x/ merge to /x/, and /ɫ/ merges with /r/.
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| -If a plosive would be followed by a nasal, that plosive becomes a nasal. /p b/ become /m/; and /t d k g/, /n/. /f θ/ deriving from older */pʰ tʰ/, behave in the same way.
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| - Any sequence of */kt gd/ or */tk dg/ becomes /θ/.
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| -If two /r/'s would appear adjacent to the same nucleus, the second dissimilates to /t/. Similarly, with two /θ/'s the second also dissimilates to /t/. Note that this rule also applies to instances of /θ/ from former velar + alveolar clusters.
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| ==Nominal Morphology==
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| Sarim nouns are one of two genders, '''animate''' and '''inanimate'''. To a great extent, the two categories are semantic: people, animals, deities and spirits, celestial bodies, and certain body parts(notably the hand, tongue, eyes, liver, and heart) are animate, and all other nouns are inanimate. Nouns are declined for '''singular''' and '''plural''' numbers, and '''absolutive''', '''ergative''' and '''oblique''' cases. However, in inanimate nouns the ergative and oblique have collapsed into a single case. In this outline the citation form will be the noun ''stem''. Sarim grammarians prefer to give the absolutive singular and plural, however.
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| '''Animate Nouns'''
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| Where two forms divided by a slash are given, the first is used after stems ending in a consonant, the second after stems ending in a vowel.
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| {|
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| || ||Singular ||Plural
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| ||Absolutive ||'''-0(-a*)''' ||'''-o/-n'''
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| ||Ergative ||'''-a/-n''' ||'''-on/-ma'''
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| ||Oblique ||'''-e/-0''' ||'''-(a*)me'''
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| |}
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| *-a is an epenthetic vowel, used after a noun stem ending in two consonants, e.g. '''int-''' "the Sun", absolutive singular '''inta'''.
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| '''yat-''' - farmer
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| '''kari-''' - man
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| '''noht-''' - fish
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| {|
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| || ||Singular ||Plural
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| ||Absolutive ||'''yat, kari, nohta''' ||'''yato, karin, nohto'''
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| ||Ergative ||'''yata, karin, nohta''' ||'''yaton, karima, nohton'''
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| ||Oblique ||'''yate, kari, nohte''' ||'''yanme, karime, nohtame'''
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| |}
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| '''Inanimate Nouns'''
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| {|
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| || ||Singular ||Plural
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| ||Absolutive ||'''-0{-a*)''' ||'''-ar/-r'''
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| ||Erg/Obl ||'''-i/-ya''' ||'''-ai/-ri'''
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| |}
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| '''sed-''' fort, village; '''tengu-''' tree, bush; '''emr-''' house.
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| {|
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| || ||Singular ||Plural
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| ||Absolutive ||'''set, tengu, emra''' ||'''sedar, tengur, emrat '''
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| ||Erg/Obl ||'''sedi, tenguya, emri''' ||'''sedai, tenguri, emrai'''
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| |}
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| == Anaphora ==
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| The Sarim Personal Pronouns are as follows:
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| '''First Person'''
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| || ||Singular ||Plural
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| ||Absolutive ||'''nan''' ||'''nemi'''
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| ||Ergative ||'''nei''' ||'''nemei'''
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| ||Oblique ||'''nama''' ||'''nemei'''
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| |}
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| '''Second Person'''
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| {|
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| || ||Singular ||Plural
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| ||Absolutive ||'''ath''' ||'''ethei'''
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| ||Ergative ||'''thayei''' ||'''etheyei'''
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| ||Oblique ||'''atha''' ||'''etheya'''
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| |}
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| '''Third Person Animate'''
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| {|
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| || ||Singular ||Plural
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| ||Absolutive ||'''un''' ||'''inni''
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| ||Ergative ||'''unna''' ||'''innin'''
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| ||Oblique ||'''unne''' ||'''inni'''
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| |}
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| '''Third Person Inanimate'''
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| {|
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| || ||Singular ||Plural
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| ||Absolutive ||'''is''' ||'''iyar'''
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| ||Erg/Obl ||'''ihi''' ||'''iyai'''
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| |}
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| '''Deictic Anaphora'''
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| Sarim shows three-way split in deixis: this (near the speaker) '''ri'''; that (near the listener) '''ma'''; and that (at a third point) '''mu'''. However, note that '''ma''' and '''mu''' collapse, to '''m-''' in many forms in the table of correlatives
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| '''Sarim Table of Corrlatives'''
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| {|
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| || ||Which? ||This ||That ||Some ||Every ||No
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| ||Person (AS) ||'''thi''' ||'''ri''' ||'''ma/mu''' ||'''yalli''' ||'''yatar''' ||'''bani'''
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| ||Thing (OS) ||'''thuyu''' ||'''ri''' ||'''ma/mu''' ||'''is li''' ||'''is tar''' ||'''banuyu'''
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| ||Place ||'''nama''' ||'''mai''' ||'''amma''' ||'''mane li''' ||'''mane tar''' ||'''bama'''
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| ||Time ||'''nadu''' ||'''diyi''' ||'''dutum''' ||'''dutu li''' ||'''dutar''' ||'''bodu'''
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| ||Means ||'''neis''' ||'''eiri''' ||'''eiso''' ||'''eis li''' ||'''eis tar'''|| '''bayeis'''
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| ||Reason ||'''nekun''' ||'''kuri''' ||'''kumu''' ||'''kun li''' ||'''kun tar''' ||'''bokun'''
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| |}
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