Italian: Difference between revisions

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* Most of the orthographic Italian symbols are the same as their [[IPA]] equivalents.  These include: '''b''', '''p''', '''m''', '''n''', '''f''', '''v''', '''t''', '''d''', and '''l'''.
* Most of the orthographic Italian symbols are the same as their [[IPA]] equivalents.  These include: '''b''', '''p''', '''m''', '''n''', '''f''', '''v''', '''t''', '''d''', and '''l'''.
* '''c''' is normally /k/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''ch''' is pronounced /k/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it.  
* '''c''' is normally /k/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''ch''' is pronounced /k/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it.  
* '''c''' is /ʧ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.
* '''c''' is /ʧ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. Unless the '''i''' is stressed, it's usually silent.
* '''g''' is normally /g/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''gh''' is pronounced /g/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it.  
* '''g''' is normally /g/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''gh''' is pronounced /g/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it.  
* '''g''' is /ʤ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.
* '''g''' is /ʤ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. Unless the '''i''' is stressed, it's silent.
* '''sc''' is normally /sk/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''sch''' is pronounced /sk/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it.  
* '''sc''' is normally /sk/, except when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.  '''sch''' is pronounced /sk/ and is used when '''i''' or '''e''' do immediately succeed it.  
* '''sc''' is /ʃ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it.
* '''sc''' is /ʃ/ when '''i''' or '''e''' immediately succeed it. If the '''i''' isn't stressed it's usually silent.
* '''gn''' is pronounced /ɲ/.
* '''gn''' is pronounced /ɲ/.
* '''ng''' and '''nc''' are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively, unless directly followed by '''i''' or '''e'''.  In those cases, '''ng''' and '''nc''' are pronounced /nʤ/ and /nʧ/ respectively.  When spelt '''ngh''' or '''nch''' they are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively.
* '''ng''' and '''nc''' are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively, unless directly followed by '''i''' or '''e'''.  In those cases, '''ng''' and '''nc''' are pronounced /nʤ/ and /nʧ/ respectively.  When spelt '''ngh''' or '''nch''' they are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively.
* '''r''' is pronounced /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on individual or dialect.
* '''r''' is pronounced /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on individual or dialect.
* '''gli''' is pronounced /ʎ/.
* '''gli''' is pronounced /ʎi/.
* The glides /w/ and /j/ are actually mutations of the vowels '''u''' and '''i''' and are represented by those orthographically.  It can occurs with other vowel diphthongs as well.
* The glides /w/ and /j/ are actually mutations of the vowels '''u''' and '''i''' and are represented by those orthographically.  It can occurs with other vowel diphthongs as well.
* '''z''' is pronounced /ʦ/ or /ʣ/ depending on the dialect and the word.
* '''z''' is pronounced /ʦ/ or /ʣ/ depending on the dialect and the word.
* '''s''' is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word.
* '''s''' is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. It's usually pronounced [z] when intervocalic and [s] otherwise.


==Vowels==
==Vowels==

Revision as of 14:08, 5 March 2009

Italian is a Romance language, spoken primarily in Italy, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City, and Malta. There is also a large amount of speakers of Italian in France, Croatia, Ethiopia and Slovenia.

History

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Inter-dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive p b k g
Fricative f v s z ʃ (ʒ)
Affricate ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ
Approximants & glides (w) (j)
Trill r
Flap ɾ
Lateral Approximant l/ɫ ʎ
  • Most of the orthographic Italian symbols are the same as their IPA equivalents. These include: b, p, m, n, f, v, t, d, and l.
  • c is normally /k/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. ch is pronounced /k/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
  • c is /ʧ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. Unless the i is stressed, it's usually silent.
  • g is normally /g/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. gh is pronounced /g/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
  • g is /ʤ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. Unless the i is stressed, it's silent.
  • sc is normally /sk/, except when i or e immediately succeed it. sch is pronounced /sk/ and is used when i or e do immediately succeed it.
  • sc is /ʃ/ when i or e immediately succeed it. If the i isn't stressed it's usually silent.
  • gn is pronounced /ɲ/.
  • ng and nc are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively, unless directly followed by i or e. In those cases, ng and nc are pronounced /nʤ/ and /nʧ/ respectively. When spelt ngh or nch they are pronounced /ŋg/ and /ŋk/ respectively.
  • r is pronounced /r/ or /ɾ/ depending on individual or dialect.
  • gli is pronounced /ʎi/.
  • The glides /w/ and /j/ are actually mutations of the vowels u and i and are represented by those orthographically. It can occurs with other vowel diphthongs as well.
  • z is pronounced /ʦ/ or /ʣ/ depending on the dialect and the word.
  • s is pronounced /s/ or /z/ depending on the dialect and the word. It's usually pronounced [z] when intervocalic and [s] otherwise.

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
Unround Unrounded Rounded
High i u
Open-mid e o
Close-mid ɛ ɔ
Low a
  • Most of the vowels are spelt the way they are in the IPA, so i /i/, e /e/, a /a/, o /o/, and u /u/.
  • Stressed è and ò (with or without accents) are pronounced /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ respectively.
  • When diphthongised, u and i become similar to /w/ and /j/.

Grammar

Nouns

Gender

Number

Articles

Pronouns

Adjectives

Prepositions

Contractions

Conjunctions

Verbs

Present

Future

Imperfect

Past Absolute

Conditional

Subjunctive

Present

Imperfect

Compound

Passive

Verb essere and stare

Verb avere

Sources