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'''Sarim''' is a language spoken in the Sarmanin region in the west of Yandras.  
'''Sarim''' (Sarim: '''Sarim bār''') is a language spoken by most of the population of Sarimis, as well as several its satellite nations. It is a largely isolating, accusative, head-final language of the Kambaic language family.  




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-Plosives <nowiki>/p t d c k g kʷ/ <p t d ty c g cu> </nowiki>
-Plosives <nowiki>/p b t d ⁿd ɟ k g/ <p b t d nd j k g </nowiki>




-Nasals <nowiki>/m n ŋ ŋʷ / <m n ŋ ŋu ></nowiki>
-Nasals <nowiki>/m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ></nowiki>




-Fricatives <nowiki> /ɸ β θ s sʷx xʷ/ <f v th s su h hu></nowiki>
-Fricatives <nowiki> /ɸ v s ɕ h/ <ph v s x h></nowiki>




-Rhotic/Approximants: <nowiki> /r l j w/ <r l i u> </nowiki>
-Rhotic/Approximants: <nowiki> /r l j/ <r l y> </nowiki>


Note that /ɸ θ x/ derive from older */p t k/, and so pattern with the stops (i.e., they can appear in onset clusters).




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'''Vowels'''
'''Vowels'''


<nowiki>/i e a o/nowiki>
- Short <nowiki>/i a u ai au iu ia ui ua/ <i a u ai au iu ui ia ua</nowiki>


<nowiki> <i e a o> </nowiki>
- Long <nowiki> /iː aː uː aːi aːu iːu iːa uːi uːa/ <ī ā ū āu āi īu īa ūi ūa> /nowiki>
 
All diphthongs are falling.


'''Syllable Structure'''
'''Syllable Structure'''


The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C); a vowel is the only compulsory element, and there are no consonant clusters word-intially or -finally. Word-finally, the only consonants that occur are /n s t r θ m ŋ w j/
The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C), with the follwing caveats:
 
 
 
Word-internally, word clusters consisting of any consonant + one of /s sʷ t d r n/, with the following caveats:
 
The labialised consonants /sʷ kʷ xʷ ŋʷ/ do not occur in the first element of word internal clusters.
 
Geminate consonants do not occur; if a morpheme or word-compounding would create a situation where two identical consonants form a cluster, this cluster simplifies to a single consonant.
 
 
As the second element of a cluster, /d/ and /t/ are only distinguished after a nasal consonant and /r/; in other situations they act as a single phoneme, realised as [d] after a voiced consonant except /l/, and [t] after a voicless consonant and /l/.
 
The following phoneme sequences do not occur: */nr lr rl rs θs ɸs xs θsʷ ɸsʷ xsʷ ssʷ/
 
 
 
 
 
 


- /ɟ/ does not occur in codas
- In clusters where it is the initial element, /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of the following consonant.
- Clusters of two plosives except for /kt gd/ do not occur.
- Clusters involving two stops, or a stop and a fricative, must agree in voicing. Clusters such as */sd gɕ/ do not therefore occur.
- Word-finally, only /m t d ⁿd s r l ŋ/ occur.


'''Allophony'''
'''Allophony'''
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-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as a sequence nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps].  
-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as a sequence nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps].  


-Word-finally, /o/ raises to [u]. In most other situations, it is realised as [ʊ].
-Short vowels and diphthongs /i a u ai au/ tend to become lax [ɪ ɐ ʊ ɐɪ ɐʊ], espcially in unstressed syllables
 
-When unstressed, /a e i/ are realised as [ɐ ɛ ɪ].
 
 




'''Stress'''
'''Stress'''


Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic ,always falling on the final syllable of a word. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not.  
Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic ,always falling on the penultimate syllable of a word. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not.  
 
'''Sandhi'''
 
-If two vowels are adjacent over a word boundary, an epenthetic [ʔ] is inserted:
'''raya imne  ma''' "that throat" [rɐ'ja ?ɪm'ne mʙ].
 
 
-If a word ends with a fricative, and the proceeding word begins in the different fricative, the coda fricative is elided:
'''toth hayi''' "the child's dog " ['tʊ: 'xɐjɪ].
 
''(More sandhi coming once I think of it :[ )''
 




==Nominal Morphology==


'''Sample Sarim Words'''
Being largely isolating, Sarim has very little grammatical nominal morphology (it does, however, have quite a productive derivational morphology).


/'don/ ['dʊn], '''dun''' "man"
'''Plural'''


/'arkija/ [ɐɦkɪ'ja] '''arcīya''' "break"
The plural morpheme, which is not compulsory, is '''-ū'''. If the noun stem ends in a short vowel, this is lost, then '''-ū''' suffixed. Dipthongs and long vowels add '''-yū''':


/'himnaji/ ['xɪmnɐ'ji]'''hemnayi''' "Our sister"
'''Dun''' man, '''dunū''' 'men'
'''Kanda''' land, country, '''kandū''' lands, countries
'''Talgū''' tree '''talgūyū''' trees

Revision as of 13:10, 28 February 2009

Sarim (Sarim: Sarim bār) is a language spoken by most of the population of Sarimis, as well as several its satellite nations. It is a largely isolating, accusative, head-final language of the Kambaic language family.


Phonology

Consonants


-Plosives /p b t d ⁿd ɟ k g/ <p b t d nd j k g


-Nasals /m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ>


-Fricatives /ɸ v s ɕ h/ <ph v s x h>


-Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j/ <r l y>



Vowels

- Short /i a u ai au iu ia ui ua/ <i a u ai au iu ui ia ua

- Long <nowiki> /iː aː uː aːi aːu iːu iːa uːi uːa/ <ī ā ū āu āi īu īa ūi ūa> /nowiki>

All diphthongs are falling.

Syllable Structure

The basic syllable structure in Sarim is (C)V(C), with the follwing caveats:

- /ɟ/ does not occur in codas - In clusters where it is the initial element, /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of the following consonant. - Clusters of two plosives except for /kt gd/ do not occur. - Clusters involving two stops, or a stop and a fricative, must agree in voicing. Clusters such as */sd gɕ/ do not therefore occur. - Word-finally, only /m t d ⁿd s r l ŋ/ occur.

Allophony



-/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant.

-/ɟ/ is realised as either palatal affricate [ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricate [dʑ], especially among younger speakers.

-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as a sequence nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps].

-Short vowels and diphthongs /i a u ai au/ tend to become lax [ɪ ɐ ʊ ɐɪ ɐʊ], espcially in unstressed syllables


Stress

Stress in Sarim is non-phonemic ,always falling on the penultimate syllable of a word. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not.


Nominal Morphology

Being largely isolating, Sarim has very little grammatical nominal morphology (it does, however, have quite a productive derivational morphology).

Plural

The plural morpheme, which is not compulsory, is -ū. If the noun stem ends in a short vowel, this is lost, then -ū suffixed. Dipthongs and long vowels add -yū:

Dun man, dunū 'men' Kanda land, country, kandū lands, countries Talgū tree talgūyū trees

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