Thesome: Difference between revisions
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Also have a look at allophony of simple vowels and glide-insertion after diphthongs, which were discussed before (under section 1.1 and 1.2). | Also have a look at allophony of simple vowels and glide-insertion after diphthongs, which were discussed before (under section 1.1 and 1.2). | ||
??????The diphthong / | ??????The diphthong /eɪ/ commonly changes if preceeded or followed by a syllable with the same nucleus /eI/ (except when there are no consonant between the two nuclei). In very formal speech, whether the first or second diphthong changes, depends on the stress: | ||
When the second diphthong is not stressed, its / | When the second diphthong is not stressed, its /eɪ/ changes /i/. | ||
When the second diphthong is stressed, the preceding diphthong changes to /e/. | When the second diphthong is stressed, the preceding diphthong changes to /e/. | ||
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'''Consonants''' | '''Consonants''' | ||
/ | /tʰ/ > [s] / C_ (C=voiceless stop), e.g. hekthi > heksi | ||
/ | /ntʰ/, /mtʰ/ > [s], e.g. famthi > fasi, helenthi > helesi | ||
/ | /tʰ/ > ø / CC_, e.g. lapsthi > lapsi | ||
/ | /tʰ/ > [s] / _#, e.g. eude:thi > eudeith > eudeis | ||
/m/ > [n] / _#, e.g. eude:mi > eudeim > eudein | /m/ > [n] / _#, e.g. eude:mi > eudeim > eudein | ||
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F > ø / _s (F=fricative/sonorant), e.g. lalsme > lasme, thessme > thesme, kerofsme > kerosme | F > ø / _s (F=fricative/sonorant), e.g. lalsme > lasme, thessme > thesme, kerofsme > kerosme | ||
/h/ > [ | /h/ > [ɪ] / e_V, e.g. ehelenthe:mi > eieleseín, ehekthe:thi > eiekseís | ||
== Morphology == | == Morphology == |
Revision as of 12:24, 5 December 2008
Thesome [⁸tʰe.zɔ.mɛ] is a constructed language. It is similiar to Ancient Greek in terms of phonology and Finnish in terms of morphology.
Phonology
Vowels
Phonemes
/a e i o u y/ <a e i o u y>
Allophony
All vowels (except /a/) have a lax counterpart: /e/ - [ɛ], /i/ - [ɪ], /o/ - [ɔ], /u/ - [ʊ] and /y/ - [ʏ]. Lax vowels appear instead of the tense ones
- always in closed syllables; e.g. emnathon ["ɛm.na.tʰɔn]
- in the syllable following a stressed vowel; e.g. Thesome["tʰe.zɔ.mɛ]
- in the last syllable of a word; e.g. deromi ["de.ɾɔ.mɪ]
Word final [ɛ] may be realised as [ə] in fast speech: Thesome /"tʰe.zɔ.mə/
When the penultimate syllable is stressed, the vowel is usually pronounced longer; contrast deromi ["de.ɾɔ.mɪ] with derthi ["dɛ:ɾ.tʰɪ]
Diphthongs
Phonemes
/aɪ eɪ ɔɪ aʊ/ <ai ei eu/oi au>
/ɔɪ/ is written <eu> in the first syllable of a word, <oi> anywhere else; probably a sound change that has occurred in an earlier stage but that has been undone.
Glide Insertion
When another vowel follows a diphthong,
- in formal speech diphthongs ending in /ɪ/ add a /j/-glide before the next vowel whereas after /aʊ/ a /w/ is added.
- in colloquial speech diphthongs become (long) monophthongs with a glide onset on the following syllable.
E.g. andromeía: 1. [an.dɾo."meɪ.ja] 2. [an.dɾo."me:.ja] and Sauos: 1. [saʊ.wɔs] 2. [sa:.wɔs]
Consonants
Phonemes
Plosives: /p pʰ b t tʰ d k kʰ g/ < p ph b t th d k kh g>
Fricatives: /f s x h/ <f s ch h>
Nasals: /m n/ <m n>
Liquid: /ɾ l/ <r l>
Allophony
The voiced stops /b d/ may be softened to [v ð] between vowels: eudein ["ɔɪ.ðeɪn]
/k kʰ g/ are usually pronounced [c cʰ ɟ] before the vowels /e i y/.
/s/ becomes [z] in the onset cluster sm- (pronounced [zm]) and between vowels: contrast thesomi ["tʰe.zɔ.mɪ] with thesthi ["tʰɛ:s.tʰɪ]
Nasals, if preceding plosives, assimilate to the latter's point of articulation (with the exception of compounds).
Stress
Stress usually falls on the antepenultimate syllable. If stress falls on any other syllable, it is marked with an acute accent (which is placed on the second part of a diphthong). If the penultimate syllable is stressed, it is pronounced longer than usual. E.g. mnathygata [mna."tʰy.ga.ta] mnathygataí [mna.tʰy.ga."taɪ] mnathygatánen [mna.tʰy.ga.ta:.nɛn]
Syllables
Onset
Any single consonant
Plosive + Liquid: pr-, phr-, br-, pl-, phl-, bl- etc.
/f/ or /x/ + Voiceless Plosive (except Bilabials): ft-, fth-, cht-, chth- etc.
/s/ + /m/ or Voiceless Plosive: sm-, sp-, sph-, st- etc.
/p/ or /k/ + /t/: pt-, kt-
/m/ + /n/: mn-
Nucleus
Any vowel or diphthong.
Coda
Except for the word's final syllable, any consonant except /h/ is allowed. Word finally, only /ɾ/, /l/, /n/, /s/ and /t/ are used.
Morphophonology (CURRENTLY IN X-SAMPA AND NOT IPA)
Vowels and Diphthongs
Also have a look at allophony of simple vowels and glide-insertion after diphthongs, which were discussed before (under section 1.1 and 1.2).
??????The diphthong /eɪ/ commonly changes if preceeded or followed by a syllable with the same nucleus /eI/ (except when there are no consonant between the two nuclei). In very formal speech, whether the first or second diphthong changes, depends on the stress:
When the second diphthong is not stressed, its /eɪ/ changes /i/.
When the second diphthong is stressed, the preceding diphthong changes to /e/.
2nd /ei/ | unstressed | stressed | unchanged |
---|---|---|---|
Thesome | kleisinon | eseí | meitleía |
Morphemes | klei-sein-on | ei-sei | meitl-eía |
Consonants
/tʰ/ > [s] / C_ (C=voiceless stop), e.g. hekthi > heksi
/ntʰ/, /mtʰ/ > [s], e.g. famthi > fasi, helenthi > helesi
/tʰ/ > ø / CC_, e.g. lapsthi > lapsi
/tʰ/ > [s] / _#, e.g. eude:thi > eudeith > eudeis
/m/ > [n] / _#, e.g. eude:mi > eudeim > eudein
F > ø / _s (F=fricative/sonorant), e.g. lalsme > lasme, thessme > thesme, kerofsme > kerosme
/h/ > [ɪ] / e_V, e.g. ehelenthe:mi > eieleseín, ehekthe:thi > eiekseís
Morphology
Verbal Morphology
Personal Endings
With verbs, Thesome distinguishes four persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd and NC), three tenses and three numbers (Singular, Paucal, Plural).
Persons
- 1st person: the speaker(s): I, we
- 2nd person: the adressee(s): you
- 3rd person: other(s): he, she, they
- NC (Noun Compound): used with nouns
Tenses
- Present: reports things that happen now
- Past: reports things that happened in the past
- Future: reports things that will happen in the future
Numbers
- Singular: denoting singularity
- Paucal: denoting duality or only a part of a previous mentioned group
- Plural: denoting many or all
There are two sets of endings (very similar to each other and in fact only differing greatly in 1&2SG):
Vocalic Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural | Consonant Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | -ein | -esme | -emen | 1st | -mi | -sme | -men |
2nd | -eis | -esthe | -ethen | 2nd | -thi | -sthe | -then |
3rd | -eí | -eseí | -eíen | 3rd | -eí | -seí | -eíen |
NC | -én | NC | -én |
Present Tense
Vocalic Endings
Vocalic Endings are simply attached to the verb's stem, e.g. eud- see:
Vocalic Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | eudein | I see | eudesme | some of us see | eudemen | we see |
2nd | eudeis | you see | eudesthe | some of you see | eudethen | you see |
3rd | eudeí | he sees | eudeseí | some of them see | eudeíen | they see |
NC | eudén | X see(s) |
Consonant Endings
Consonant Endings are attached to the verb's stem; they trigger, however, modifications, depending on the last sound of the verbal stem.
Liquid Stems
Liquid Stems are stems ending in -l, -r, and -s, e.g. lal- speak, der- stay and thes- lie.
Consonant Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | lalomi | I speak | lasme | some of us speak | lalomen | we speak |
2nd | lalthi | you speak | lasthe | some of you speak | lalthen | you speak |
3rd | laleí | he speaks | laseí | some of them speak | laleíen | they speak |
NC | lalén | X speak(s) |
Modifications:
- They insert a vowel -o- in 1SG and 1PL. (lal-o-mi, der-o-mi, thes-o-mi)
- They lose their final consonant when appended with the Paucal-endings. (la-sme, de-sme, the-sme).
Stop Stems
Stop Stems are stems ending in -p, -t, and -k, e.g. hek- strike.
Consonant Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | hekomi | I strike | hekosme | some of us strike | hekomen | we strike |
2nd | heksi | you strike | hekosthe | some of you strike | heksen | you strike |
3rd | hekeí | he strikes | hekseí | some of them strike | hekeíen | they strike |
NC | hekén | X strike(s) |
Modifications:
- They insert a vowel -o- in all first persons and in 2PC. (hek-o-mi, hek-o-sme, hek-o-men, hek-o-sthe)
- The aspirated voiceless stop /tʰ/ in 2SG and 2PL becomes /s/. (hek-si)
Nasal Stems
Nasal Stems are stems ending in -m and -n, e.g. fam- say and helen- sing.
Consonant Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | fami | I say | fasme | some of us say | famen | we say |
2nd | fasi | you say | fasthe | some of you say | fathen | you say |
3rd | fameí | he says | faseí | some of them say | fameíen | they say |
NC | famén | X say(s) |
Modifications:
- The final consonant is lost in all forms except 3SG, 3PL and NC.
- The aspirated voiceless stop /tʰ/ in 2SG becomes /s/ (but not in 2PL). (fa-si vs. fa-then)
Stop-S Stems
Stop-S Stems are stems ending in an unvoiced stop followed by an /s/, e.g. laps- sleep and kleits- to be captive.
Consonant Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | laposmi | I sleep | laposme | some of us sleep | laposmen | we sleep |
2nd | lapsi | you sleep | laposthe | some of you sleep | lapsen | you sleep |
3rd | lapseí | he sleeps | laposeí | some of them sleep | lapseíen | they sleep |
NC | lapsén | X sleep(s) |
Modifications:
- In 1SG and 1PL, an <o> intrudes between the stop and the /s/ of the stem. (laposmi I sleep).
- In all Paucal forms, the /s/ of the stem is lost and replaced by an <o>. (laposthe some of you sleep)
- In 2SG and 2PL, the /tʰ/ of the personal ending is lost. (lapsi you sleep)
Past Tense
Vocalic Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | ydetheín | I saw | ydethesme | some of us saw | ydethemen | we saw |
2nd | ydetheís | you saw | ydethesthe | some of you saw | ydethethen | you saw |
3rd | ydetheí | he saw | ydetheseí | some of them saw | ydetheíen | they saw |
NC | ydethés | X saw |
Vocalic Endings | Singular | Paucal | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | elaltheín | I spoke | elalthesme | some of us spoke | elalthemen | we spoke |
2nd | elaltheís | you spoke | elalthesthe | some of you spoke | elalthethen | you spoke |
3rd | elaltheí | he spoke | elaltheseí | some of them spoke | elaltheíen | they spoke |
NC | elalthés | X spoke |
Future Tense
Nominal Morphology
With nouns, Thesome distinguishes three (biological) sexes (Masculine, Feminine and Neuter), five numbers (Singular, Paucal, Dual, Plural and Collective) and eight cases (Nominative, Subjective, Accusative, Genitive, Benefactive, Instrumental, Allative and Ablativ).
Masculine | Singular | Paucal | Dual | Plural | Collective | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | far | king | xxx | some kings | faroi | two kings | xxx | kings | ilfarmai | all kings |
Subjective | farun | king | xxx | some kings | fary | two kings | xxx | kings | ilfarmai | all kings |
Accusative | faren | king | xxx | some kings | faryn | two kings | xxx | kings | xxx | all kings |
Genitive | fares | of the king | xxx | of some kings | farys | of two kings | xxx | of kings | xxx | of all kings |
Benefactive | faré | for the/a king | xxx | for some kings | farý | for two kings | xxx | for kings | xxx | for all kings |
Instrumental | farénen | with the/a king | xxx | with some kings | farýnen | with two kings | xxx | with kings | xxx | with all kings |
Allative | faremna | to the/a king | xxx | to some kings | faryna | to two kings | xxx | to kings | ilfarmain | to all kings |
Ablative | fareksa | from the/a king | xxx | from some kings | farysa | from two kings | xxx | from kings | ilfarmais | from all kings |
Feminine | Singular | Paucal | Dual | Plural | Collective | |||||
Nominative | faire | queen | xxx | some queens | fairet | two queens | faireía | queens | ilfairai | all queens |
Subjective | fairé | queen | xxx | some queens | fairet | two queens | faireíai | queens | ilfairai | all queens |
Accusative | fairen | queen | xxx | some queens | fairetse | two queens | xxx | queens | xxx | all queens |
Genitive | faires | of the queen | xxx | of some queen | faireptós | of two queens | xxx | of queens | xxx | of all queens |
Benefactive | faireí | for the/a queen | xxx | for some queens | fairepté | for two queens | xxx | for queens | xxx | for all queens |
Instrumental | fairénen | with the/a queen | xxx | with some queens | fairepténen | with two queens | xxx | with queens | xxx | with all queens |
Allative | fairemna | to the/a queen | xxx | to some queens | fairetna | to two queens | xxx | to queens | ilfairain | to all queens |
Ablative | faireksa | from the/a queen | xxx | from some queens | faretsa | from two queens | xxx | from queens | ilfairais | from all queens |