Thesome

Thesome [⁸tʰe.zɔ.mɛ] is a constructed language. It is similiar to Ancient Greek in terms of phonology and Finnish in terms of morphology.

Phonology

Vowels

Phonemes

/a e i o u y/ <a e i o u y>

Allophony

All vowels (except /a/) have a lax counterpart: /e/ - [ɛ], /i/ - [ɪ], /o/ - [ɔ], /u/ - [ʊ] and /y/ - [ʏ]. Lax vowels appear instead of the tense ones

1. always in closed syllables; e.g. emnathon ["ɛm.na.tʰɔn]
2. in the syllable following a stressed vowel; e.g. Thesome["tʰe.zɔ.mɛ]
3. in the last syllable of a word; e.g. deromi ["de.ɾɔ.mɪ]

Word final [ɛ] may be realised as [ə] in fast speech: Thesome /"tʰe.zɔ.mə/

When the penultimate syllable is stressed, the vowel is usually pronounced longer; contrast deromi ["de.ɾɔ.mɪ] with derthi ["dɛ:ɾ.tʰɪ]

Diphthongs

Phonemes

/aɪ eɪ ɔɪ aʊ/ <ai ei eu/oi au>

/ɔɪ/ is written <eu> in the first syllable of a word, <oi> anywhere else; probably a sound change that has occurred in an earlier stage but that has been undone.

Glide Insertion

When another vowel follows a diphthong,

1. in formal speech diphthongs ending in /ɪ/ add a /j/-glide before the next vowel whereas after /aʊ/ a /w/ is added.
2. in colloquial speech diphthongs become (long) monophthongs with a glide onset on the following syllable.

E.g. andromeía: 1. [an.dɾo."meɪ.ja] 2. [an.dɾo."me:.ja] and Sauos: 1. [saʊ.wɔs] 2. [sa:.wɔs]

Consonants

Phonemes

Plosives: /p pʰ b t tʰ d k kʰ g/ < p ph b t th d k kh g>

Fricatives: /f s x h/ <f s ch h>

Nasals: /m n/ <m n>

Liquid: /ɾ l/ <r l>

Allophony

The voiced stops /b d/ may be softened to [v ð] between vowels: eudein ["ɔɪ.ðeɪn]

/k kʰ g/ are usually pronounced [c cʰ ɟ] before the vowels /e i y/.

/s/ becomes [z] in the onset cluster sm- (pronounced [zm]) and between vowels: contrast thesomi ["tʰe.zɔ.mɪ] with thesthi ["tʰɛ:s.tʰɪ]

Nasals, if preceding plosives, assimilate to the latter's point of articulation (with the exception of compounds).

Stress

Stress usually falls on the antepenultimate syllable. If stress falls on any other syllable, it is marked with an acute accent (which is placed on the second part of a diphthong). If the penultimate syllable is stressed, it is pronounced longer than usual. E.g. mnathygata [mna."tʰy.ga.ta] mnathygataí [mna.tʰy.ga."taɪ] mnathygatánen [mna.tʰy.ga.ta:.nɛn]

Syllables

Onset

Any single consonant

Plosive + Liquid: pr-, phr-, br-, pl-, phl-, bl- etc.

/f/ or /x/ + Voiceless Plosive (except Bilabials): ft-, fth-, cht-, chth- etc.

/s/ + /m/ or Voiceless Plosive: sm-, sp-, sph-, st- etc.

/p/ or /k/ + /t/: pt-, kt-

/m/ + /n/: mn-

Nucleus

Any vowel or diphthong.

Coda

Except for the word's final syllable, any consonant except /h/ is allowed. Word finally, only /ɾ/, /l/, /n/, /s/ and /t/ are used.

Morphology

Verbal Morphology

Personal Endings

With verbs, Thesome distinguishes four persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd and NC), three tenses and three numbers (Singular, Paucal, Plural).

Persons

• 1st person: the speaker(s): I, we
• 2nd person: the adressee(s): you
• 3rd person: other(s): he, she, they
• NC (Noun Compound): used with nouns

Tenses

• Present: reports things that happen now
• Past: reports things that happened in the past
• Future: reports things that will happen in the future

Numbers

• Singular: denoting singularity
• Paucal: denoting duality or only a part of a previous mentioned group
• Plural: denoting many or all

There are two sets of endings (very similar to each other and in fact only differing greatly in 1&2SG):

Vocalic Endings	Singular	Paucal	Plural	Consonant Endings	Singular	Paucal	Plural
1st	-ein	-esme	-emen	1st	-mi	-sme	-men
2nd	-eis	-esthe	-ethen	2nd	-thi	-sthe	-then
3rd	-eí	-eseí	-eíen	3rd	-eí	-seí	-eíen
NC	-én			NC	-én

Present Tense

Vocalic Endings

Vocalic Endings are simply attached to the verb's stem, e.g. eud- see:

Vocalic Endings	Singular		Paucal		Plural
1st	eudein	I see	eudesme	some of us see	eudemen	we see
2nd	eudeis	you see	eudesthe	some of you see	eudethen	you see
3rd	eudeí	he sees	eudeseí	some of them see	eudeíen	they see
NC	eudén			X see(s)

Consonant Endings

Consonant Endings are attached to the verb's stem; they trigger, however, modifications, depending on the last sound of the verbal stem.

Liquid Stems

Liquid Stems are stems ending in -l, -r, and -s, e.g. lal- speak, der- stay and thes- lie.

Consonant Endings	Singular		Paucal		Plural
1st	lalomi	I speak	lasme	some of us speak	lalomen	we speak
2nd	lalthi	you speak	lasthe	some of you speak	lalthen	you speak
3rd	laleí	he speaks	laseí	some of them speak	laleíen	they speak
NC	lalén			X speak(s)

Modifications:

1. They insert a vowel -o- in 1SG and 1PL. (lal-o-mi, der-o-mi, thes-o-mi)
2. They lose their final consonant when appended with the Paucal-endings. (la-sme, de-sme, the-sme).

Stop Stems

Stop Stems are stems ending in -p, -t, and -k, e.g. hek- strike.

Consonant Endings	Singular		Paucal		Plural
1st	hekomi	I strike	hekosme	some of us strike	hekomen	we strike
2nd	heksi	you strike	hekosthe	some of you strike	heksen	you strike
3rd	hekeí	he strikes	hekseí	some of them strike	hekeíen	they strike
NC	hekén			X strike(s)

Modifications:

1. They insert a vowel -o- in 1SG and 1PL. (hek-o-mi)
2. The aspirated voiceless stop /tʰ/ in 2SG and 2PL becomes /s/. (hek-si)
3. 1PC and 2PC insert the vowel -o- between the stem and the ending. (hek-o-sme)

Nasal Stems

Nasal Stems are stems ending in -m and -n, e.g. fam- say and helen- sing.

Consonant Endings	Singular		Paucal		Plural
1st	fami	I say	fasme	some of us say	famen	we say
2nd	fasi	you say	fasthe	some of you say	fathen	you say
3rd	fameí	he says	faseí	some of them say	fameíen	they say
NC	famén			X say(s)

Modifications:

Nominal Morphology

With nouns, Thesome distinguishes three (biological) sexes (Masculine, Feminine and Neuter), five numbers (Singular, Paucal, Dual, Plural and Collective) and eight cases (Nominative, Subjective, Accusative, Genitive, Benefactive, Instrumental, Allative and Ablativ).

Masculine	Singular		Paucal		Dual		Plural		Collective
Nominative	far	king	xxx	some kings	faroi	two kings	xxx	kings	ilfarmai	all kings
Subjective	farun	king	xxx	some kings	fary	two kings	xxx	kings	ilfarmai	all kings
Accusative	faren	king	xxx	some kings	faryn	two kings	xxx	kings	xxx	all kings
Genitive	fares	of the king	xxx	some kings	farys	of two kings	xxx	kings	xxx	all kings
Benefactive	faré	for the/a king	xxx	some kings	farý	for two kings	xxx	kings	xxx	all kings
Instrumental	farénen	with the/a king	xxx	some kings	farýnen	with two kings	xxx	kings	xxx	all kings
Allative	farema	to the/a king	xxx	some kings	faryna	to two kings	xxx	kings	xxx	all kings
Ablative	fareksa	from the/a king	xxx	some kings	farysa	from two kings	xxx	kings	xxx	all kings