IPA: Difference between revisions
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'''Pulmonic Consonants''' | '''Pulmonic Consonants''' | ||
{| | {| | ||
| || | ! !! colspan="2"| Labial !! colspan="4"| Coronal !! colspan="3"| Dorsal !! colspan="2"| Radical !! | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | || Bilabial || Labiodental || Dental || Alveolar || Postalveolar || Retroflex || Palatal || Velar || Uvular || Pharyngeal || Epiglottal || Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nasal | ! align="left"| Nasal | ||
| [[Bilabial nasal|m]] || [[Labiodental nasal|ɱ]] || [[Dental nasal|n̪]] || [[Alveolar nasal|n]] || [[Postalveolar nasal|n̠]] || [[Retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || [[Palatal nasal|ɲ]] || [[Velar nasal|ŋ]] || [[Uvular nasal|ɴ]] | |||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" align="center"| N/A | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! align="left"| Plosive | ||
| [[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] [[Voiced bilabial stop|b]] || [[Voiceless labiodental stop|p̪]] [[Voiced labiodental stop|b̪]] || [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] || [[Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|d]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar stop|t̠]] [[Voiced postalveolar stop|d̠]] || [[Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] [[Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]] || [[Voiceless palatal stop|c]] [[Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]] || [[Voiceless velar stop|k]] [[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]] || [[Voiceless uvular stop|q]] [[Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]] || style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8"| N/A || [[Epiglottal stop|ʡ]] || [[Glottal stop|ʔ]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! align="left"| Affricate | ||
| [[Voicless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced Labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless Inter-dental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced Inter-dental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ʦ]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dž]] || [[Voiceless Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless Retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced Retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless Palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced Palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless Velar affricate|kx]] [[Voiced Velar affricate|gɣ]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Fricative | ! align="left"| Fricative | ||
| [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! align="left"| Approximant | ||
| [[Bilabial approximant|β̞]] || [[Labiodental approximant|ʋ]] || [[Dental approximant|ɹ̪]] || [[Alveolar approximant|ɹ]] || [[Postalveolar approximant|ɹ̠]] || [[Retroflex approximant|ɻ]] || [[Palatal approximant|j]] || [[Velar approximant|ɰ]] || [[Uvular approximant|ʁ̞]] || [[Pharyngeal approximant|ʕ̞]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! align="left"| Trill | ||
| [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] || | |||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center"| N/A | |||
| [[Uvular trill|ʀ]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! align="left"| Tap or Flap | ||
| || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Lateral | ! align="left"| Lateral affricate | ||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A | |||
| || [[Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|tɬ]] [[Voiced alveolar lateral affricate|dɮ]] || || || || || | |||
| style="color:#888888;background:#F8F8F8" colspan="3" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center"| N/A | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Lateral fricative | |||
| [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]] || | |||
|- | |||
! align="left"| Lateral approximant | |||
| [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]] || | |||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| [[Labial-palatal approximant|ɥ]] Voiced labial-palatal approximant | | [[Labial-palatal approximant|ɥ]] Voiced labial-palatal approximant | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives | | [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
Revision as of 06:59, 24 November 2008
The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.
Pulmonic Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
Nasal | m | ɱ | n̪ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | N/A | ||
Plosive | p b | p̪ b̪ | t̪ d̪ | t d | t̠ d̠ | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | N/A | ʡ | ʔ |
Affricate | pɸ bβ | pf bv | tθ dð | ʦ dž | ʧ ʤ | ʈʂ ɖʐ | cç ɟʝ | kx gɣ | ||||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | ʜ ʢ | h ɦ |
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ̪ | ɹ | ɹ̠ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ʁ̞ | ʕ̞ | ||
Trill | ʙ | r̪ | r | r̠ | N/A | ʀ | ||||||
Tap or Flap | ɾ̪ | ɾ | ɾ̠ | ɽ | ||||||||
Lateral affricate | N/A | tɬ dɮ | N/A | |||||||||
Lateral fricative | ɬ̪ ɮ̪ | ɬ ɮ | ɬ̠ ɮ̠ | ɭ̝ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝ | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l̪ | l | l̠ | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Non-pulmonic Consonants
Clicks | Voiced Implosives | Ejectives |
ʘ Bilabial | ɓ Bilabial | ʼ as in: |
ǀ Dental | ɗ Dental/alveolar | pʼ Bilabial |
ǃ (Post)alveolar | ʄ Palatal | tʼ Dental/alveolar |
ǂ Palatoalveolar | ɠ Velar | kʼ Velar |
ǁ Lateral alveolar | ʛ Uvular | sʼ Alveolar fricative |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||
Close | i · y | ɨ · ʉ | ɯ · u | ||
ɪ · ʏ | ʊ | ||||
Close-mid | e · ø | ɘ · ɵ | ɤ · o | ||
ə | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ · œ | ɜ · ɞ | ʌ · ɔ | ||
æ | ɐ | ||||
Open | a · ɶ | ɑ · ɒ |
Other Symbols
ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
w Voiced labial-velar approximant |
ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
ɺ Lateral alveolar flap |
ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x. |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
Suprasegmentals
ˈ | Primary stress | ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
ˌ | Secondary stress | |
ː | Long | eː |
ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
˘ | Extra short | ĕ |
. | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
Minor (foot) group | ||
Major (intonation) group | ||
‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tones & Word Accents
Level | Contour |
---|---|
e̋ or ˥ | |
é ˦ | |
ē ˧ | |
è ˨ | |
ȅ ˩ |
Diacritics
̥ | Voiceless n̥ d̥ | ̤ | Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ | ̪ | Dental t̪ d̪ | |
̬ | Voiced s̬ t̬ | ̰ | Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ | ̺ | Apical t̺ d̺ | |
ʰ | Aspirated tʰ dʰ | ̼ | Linguolabial t̼ d̼ | ̻ | Laminal t̻ d̻ | |
˒ | More rounded ɔ̜ | ʷ | Labialized tʷ dʷ | ~ | Nasalized ẽ | |
˓ | Less rounded ɔ̹ | ʲ | Palatalized tʲ dʲ | |||
˖ | Advanced u̟ | ˠ | Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop | dˠ]] | ˡ | Lateral release dˡ |
˗ | Retracted i̠ | ˤ | Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ | ̚ | No audible release d̚ | |
¨ | Centralized ë | ̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ | |||
̽ | Mid-centralized e̽ | ˔ | Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative) |