Chinese sound correspondences: Difference between revisions
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Note for '''Yue — Canton''' (Cantonese): | Note for '''Yue — Canton''' (Cantonese): | ||
* Medial [w] is used as a fictitious phone in the onset and rime charts to explain correspondences of the velar/laryngeal onsets (all instances of medial [w] generated in the rime charts are killed in the onset chart, hence it is fictitious). | * Medial [w] is used as a fictitious phone in the onset and rime charts to explain correspondences of the velar/laryngeal onsets (all instances of medial [w] generated in the rime charts are killed in the onset chart, hence it is fictitious). | ||
** Wherever [w] appears for Cantonese after | ** Wherever [w] appears for Cantonese after g k h [k kʰ h] in the above chart, it refers to the fictitious [w], not the actual Cantonese phoneme [w] nor MC [w]. | ||
* Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/. | * Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/. | ||
* /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels. | * /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels. |
Revision as of 10:29, 24 July 2008
Onsets
- 1 = Ping tone
- 2 = Shang tone
- 3 = Qu tone
- 4 = Ru tone
The chart will use "1" on top of Baxter's notation to show that a certain condition applies only to the Ping tone (e.g. "zi1" means "zi but not ziX and ziH").
Onset | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren[1] | Baxter[2] | IPA[3] | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
幫 | p | p | [p] | b [p] but p [pʰ] |
b [p] but p [pʰ] |
h [h] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | ||
滂 | p' | ph | [pʰ] | p [pʰ] but b [p] (玻繽怖) |
p [pʰ] but b [p] (玻繽品怖坡) |
h [h] | h [h] | ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc. | ||
並 | b' | b | [b] | p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234 |
p [pʰ] /_1, COL2 |
b [b] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | ||
明 | m | m | [m] | m [m] but ∅(w [w]) (戊) |
m [m] | m [m] | b [b] | ㅁ [m] | ||
非* | p | p | [f] | f [f] | f [f] | h [h] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | ||
敷* | p' | ph | [fʰ] | f [f] but p [pʰ] (捧) |
f [f] but p [pʰ] (捧) |
h [h] | h [h] | ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc. | ||
奉* | b' | b | [v] | f [f] | f [f] | b [b] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc. | ||
微* | m | m | [ɱ] | ∅ (w [w]) but m [m] (曼) |
m [m] | m [m] | b [b] | ㅁ [m] | ||
端 | t | t | [t] | d [t] but n [n] (鳥) |
d [t] but t [tʰ] (淡) |
t [t] | t [t] | ㄷ [t] | ||
透 | t' | th | [tʰ] | t [tʰ] | t [tʰ] | t [t] | t [t] | ㅌ [tʰ] | ||
定 | d' | d | [d] | t [tʰ] /_1 but d [t] (鼕) |
t [tʰ] /_1,COL2 but d [t] (鼕) |
d [d] | t [t] | ㄷ [t] | ||
泥 | n | n | [n] | n [n] | n [n] | n [n] | d [d] | ㄴ [n] | ||
來 | l | l | [l] | l [l] but n [n] (弄) |
l [l] | r [ɺ] | r [ɺ] | ㄹ [ɾ] | ||
知 | t̂ | tr | [ʈ] | zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (輟) |
z [ts] but d [t] (涿啄琢爹) |
t [t] | t [t] | ㄷ [t] | ||
徹 | t̂' | trh | [ʈʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] but zh [tʂ] (祉) |
c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (祉) |
t [t] | t [t] | ㅌ [tʰ] | ||
澄 | d̂' | dr | [ɖʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234 |
c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2 |
d [d] | t [t] | ㄷ [t] | ||
娘 | n | nr | [ɳ] | n [n] but ∅(w [w]) (諉) |
n [n] but ∅(w [w]) (諉) |
n [n] | d [d] | ㄴ [n] | ||
精 | ts | ts | [ts] | z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (雀挫) |
z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (挫) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||
清 | ts' | tsh | [tsʰ] | c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (緝竣) |
c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (竣) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||
從 | dz' | dz | [dz] | c [tsʰ] /_1 but d [t] (蹲) |
c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2 |
z [z] | s [s] | |||
心 | s | s | [s] | s [s] but sh [ʂ] (珊姍) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
邪 | z | z | [z] | s [s] but ∅ (嶼) |
c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2 |
z [z] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
照莊 | tṣ | tsr | [tʂ] | zh [tʂ] but z [ts] |
z [ts] | s [s] | s [s] | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||
穿初 | tṣ' | tsrh | [tʂʰ] | ch [tʂʰ]
but c [tsʰ] |
c [tsʰ] but z [ts] (錚) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||
床崇 | dẓ' | dzr | [dʐʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 but c [ts] (岑) |
c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 but s [s] (潺愁崇) |
z [z] | s [s] | |||
審生 | ṣ | sr | [ʂ] | sh [ʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (產) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] (產刷杉) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
禪俟 | ź | zr | [ʐ] | s [s] | z [ts] | z [z] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
照章 | tś | tsy | [tɕ] | zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (捶) |
z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||
穿昌 | tś' | tsyh | [tɕʰ] | ch [tʂʰ] but sh [ʂ] (樞瀋) |
c [tsʰ] but s [s] (樞瀋) |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||
床船 | dź' | zy | [ʑ] | sh [ʂ] /_234 _1: |
s [s] | z [z] | s [s] | |||
審書 | ś | sy | [ɕ] | sh [ʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (弛翅舂) |
s [s] but c [tsʰ] |
s [s] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
禪常 | ź | dzy | [dʑ] | sh [ʂ] /_234 but r [ɻ] (瑞) |
s [s] | z [z] | s [s] | ㅅ [s] | ||
日 | ńź | ny | [ȵ] | r [ɻ] er [aɚ]: |
j [j] | n [n] | z [z] | |||
見 | k | k | [k] | g [k] but kw [kʰ] |
g [k] and [kw] > gw [kʷ] |
k [k] | k [k] | ㄱ [k] | ||
溪 | k' | kh | [kʰ] | k [kʰ] but h [x] |
Random? : h [h] |
k [k] | k [k] | ㄱ [k] | ||
群 | g' | g | [g] | k [kʰ] /_1 but g [k] (畿鯨) |
k [kʰ] /_1,COL2 (with [kʰw] > kw [kʰʷ]) |
g [ɡ] | k [k] | ㄱ [k] | ||
疑 | ng | ng | [ŋ] | ∅ but n [n] |
ng [ŋ] ∅ /_[i,j,w] |
g [ɡ] | g [ɡ] | ㅇ [∅] | ||
影 | ' | ' | [ʔ] | ∅ but g [k] (娟) |
∅ but g [k] (娟) |
∅ | ∅ | ㅇ [∅] | ||
曉 | x | x | [h] | h [x] but k [kʰ] (況) |
h [x] and [hw] > f [f] |
k [k] | k [k] | ㅎ [h] | ||
匣 | ɣ | h | [ɦ] | h [x] but g [k] (迥) |
h [x] (with [hw] > w [w]) |
g [ɡ] w [w] |
k [k] | ㅎ [h] | ||
喻云 | j | hj | [ɦj] | ∅ but h [x] (彙彗雄熊) |
∅ but h [x] (雄熊) |
∅ | ㅇ [∅] | |||
喻以 | ∅ | y | [j] | ∅ but g [k] (捐) |
∅ but g [k] (捐) |
∅ | ㅇ [∅] |
* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split are
- All third-deng (等) and hekou (合口) rimes
- The third-deng (等) and kaikou (開口) rimes of 東, 鍾, 尤
Notes on omitted recent changes, ongoing changes, and allophony
Note for all:
- Onsets (usually 微, 疑, 影, 匣, 云, 以) whose reflexes in modern varieties are not consonantal (either zero or a glide: j, w etc.) are treated as having zero onset as far as possible, with the glide onsets being accounted for in the rime correspondence tables rather than in the onset correspendence table.
Note for Mandarin — Beijing:
- The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
- g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
Note for Yue — Canton (Cantonese):
- Medial [w] is used as a fictitious phone in the onset and rime charts to explain correspondences of the velar/laryngeal onsets (all instances of medial [w] generated in the rime charts are killed in the onset chart, hence it is fictitious).
- Wherever [w] appears for Cantonese after g k h [k kʰ h] in the above chart, it refers to the fictitious [w], not the actual Cantonese phoneme [w] nor MC [w].
- Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] corresponding to Middle Chinese retroflex and palatal onsets, but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
- /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
- The following changes are ongoing:
- n [n] > l [l] (onset)
- ng [ŋ], ∅ > [ŋ ~ ∅] (onset)
- gw kw [kʷ kʰʷ] > g k [k kʰ] / _ong,ok [ɔːŋ ɔːk]
- ng k [ŋ k] > n t [n t] (coda)
- ng [ŋ̩] > m [m̩] (syllabic)
Note for Japanese:
- The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
- t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
- w [w] > 0 /_[i,e,o]
- /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.
Note for Korean:
- The following recent sound changes apply but are omitted to reduce clutter:
- ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
- ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_
- ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]
Rimes
- P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
- T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
- TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
- S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
- SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
- SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
- TSR = TR,SR
- TSRY = TR,SR,SY
- K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)
通攝 Tong She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
東一開 | ung | uwng | ong [ʊŋ] weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ |
ung [ʊŋ] but jung [jʊŋ] (翁) |
u [u] some uu [uː] |
ou [oː] | |||
冬一開 | uong | owng | ong [ʊŋ] (does not occur /P_) |
ung [ʊŋ] | o [o] some ou [oː] |
ou [oː] | |||
東三開 | i̯ung | juwng | ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /g_ |
ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /y_ |
yuu [juː], yu [ju] (incl. y_ ) |
yuu [juː] ou [oː]/P_ | |||
鍾三開 | i̯wong | jowng | ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /x,ʔ,y_ |
ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ,y_ |
yuu [juː], yu [ju] (incl. ʔ,y_ ) |
you [joː] ou [oː]/P_ | |||
東一開 | uk | uwk | u [u] | uk [ʊk] | oku [oku] | oku [oku] | |||
冬一開 | uok | owk | u [u] | uk [ʊk] | oku [oku] | oku [oku] | |||
東三開 | i̯uk | juwk | mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ |
uk [ʊk] | iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_ uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_ |
iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_ yuku [juku] /S_,SY_ | |||
鍾三開 | i̯wok | jowk | mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ |
uk [ʊk] juk [jʊk] /ŋ_ |
oku [oku] yoku [yoku] /y_ |
yoku [joku] |
江攝 Jiang She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
江二開 | ång | æwng | iang [jɑŋ] / K_ but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港) |
ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_ oeng [œːŋ] /TSR_ |
ou [oː] | au [oː] | |||
江二開 | åk | æwk | LIT üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_) |
ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_ ak [ɐk] /ʔ_ |
oku [oku] /P_ aku [aku] |
aku [aku] |
止攝 Zhi She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
支三開 | ie̯ | j(i)e | i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ but i [i] (徙璽) |
i [i] /S,TSRY_ but aai [aːi] (徙璽) |
i [i] | i [i] | |||
脂三開 | i | (j)ij | i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ er [ɑɚ] /ny_ |
i [i] /S,TSRY_ but ei [ei] (死四) |
i [i] | i [i] | |||
之三開 | i | i | i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ but e [ɤ] (廁) |
i [i] /S,TSRY_ i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ |
mostly o [o] /K_ but i [i] /ʔ,hj,y_ |
i [i] | |||
微三開 | e̯i | jɨj | i [i] (none /S,TSRY_) |
i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ ei [ei] /K_ |
e [e] | i [i] | |||
支三合 | wie̯ | jw(i)e | uai [uai] /SR_ ei [ei] /l_ |
wai [wɐi] /K_ ai [ɐi] /ŋ_ |
wi [i] /K_ ui [ui] /else |
wi [i] /K_ ui [ui] /else |
|||
脂三合 | wi | (j)wij | uai [uai] /SR_ ei [ei] /l_ |
wai [wɐi] /K_ (no /ŋ_) |
wi [i] /K_ yui [jui] /y_ |
wi [i] /K_ incl. y_ ui [ui] /else |
|||
微三合 | we̯i | jwɨj | ui [uei] ei [ei] /P_ |
wai [wɐi] /K_ ai [ɐi] /ŋ_ |
i [i] /P_ wi [i] /ʔ,hj_ |
i [i] /P_ wi [i] /K_ |
遇攝 Yu She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
魚三開 | i̯wo | jo | u [u] /TSRY_ ü [y] /else |
yu [y] /ŋ,ʔ,y,TR,SY_ but eoi [ɵy] (除) |
|||||
虞三合 | i̯u | ju | |||||||
模一開 | uo | u |
蟹攝 Xie She
臻攝 Zhen She
山攝 Shan She
效攝 Xiao She
果攝 Guo She
假攝 Jia She
宕攝 Dang She
梗攝 Geng She
曾攝 Ceng She
流攝 Liu She
深攝 Shen She
咸攝 Xian She
Tones
- P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
- M = MC sonorant onset
- B = MC voiced obstruent onset
Tone | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka Moiyen |
Wu Suzhou |
Japanese (?) | Korean | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||||
平 Ping |
P | ∅ | ∅ | 55 | 55 | ||||||
M | 35 | 21 | |||||||||
B | |||||||||||
上 Shang |
P | : | X | 214 | 35 | ||||||
M | 23 | ||||||||||
B | 51 | 23 or 22 | |||||||||
去 Qu |
P | - | H | 33 | |||||||
M | 22 | ||||||||||
B | |||||||||||
入 Ru |
P | ∅ (-p,t,k) |
∅ (-p,t,k) |
Random | 55 (short) 33 (long) |
||||||
M | 51 | 22 | |||||||||
B | 35 |
Resources
Middle Chinese
- Introduction to historical Chinese phonology (PDF)
- Middle Chinese pronunciation dictionary
- Middle Chinese lookup tool
- Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials
- Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals
- Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling
- Middle Chinese rime characters (Ignores Chongniu)
Modern Chinese
Sino-Xenic
- Japanese Wiktionary (Kan-on, Go-on lookup)
- Japanese dictionary (old orthography lookup)
- Hanja lookup
- Sino-Vietnamese lookup
Other correspondence lists
Footnotes
- ↑ [[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.
- ↑ William Baxter.
- ↑ Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).