Chinese sound correspondences: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:54, 23 July 2008

Onsets

1 = Ping tone
2 = Shang tone
3 = Qu tone
4 = Ru tone
1a = Yin Ping tone
1b = Yang Ping tone, etc.

Onset	Middle Chinese			Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Japanese		Korean
Onset	Karlgren^[1]	Baxter^[2]	IPA^[3]	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
幫	p	p	[p]	b [p] but p [pʰ] (迫) and m [m] (秘)	b [p] but p [pʰ] (編遍) and m [m] (剝)			h [h]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
滂	p'	ph	[pʰ]	p [pʰ]	p [pʰ]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
並	b'	b	[b]	p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234	p [pʰ] /_1,COL2 b [p] /_34,LIT2			b [b]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
明	m	m	[m]	m [m]	m [m]			m [m]	b [b]	ㅁ [m]
非*	p	p	[f]	f [f]	f [f]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
敷*	p'	ph	[fʰ]	f [f]	f [f]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
奉*	b'	b	[v]	f [f]	f [f]			b [b]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
微*	m	m	[ɱ]	w [w]	m [m]			m [m]	b [b]	ㅁ [m]
端	t	t	[t]	d [t] but n [n] (鳥)	d [t] but t [tʰ] (淡) and n [n] (鳥)			t [t]	t [t]	ㄷ [t]
透	t'	th	[tʰ]	t [tʰ]	t [tʰ]			t [t]	t [t]	ㅌ [tʰ]
定	d'	d	[d]	t [tʰ] /_1 d [t] /_234 but t [tʰ] (挺艇特突)	t [tʰ] /_1,COL2 d [t] /_34,LIT2			d [d]	t [t]	ㄷ [t]
泥	n	n	[n]	n [n]	n [n]			n [n]	d [d]	ㄴ [n]
來	l	l	[l]	l [l]	l [l]			r [ɺ]	r [ɺ]	ㄹ [ɾ]
知	t̂	tr	[ʈ]	zh [tʂ]	z [ts] but d [t] (涿啄琢)			t [t]	t [t]	ㄷ [t]
徹	t̂'	trh	[ʈʰ]	ch [tʂʰ]	c [tsʰ]			t [t]	t [t]	ㅌ [tʰ]
澄	d̂'	dr	[ɖʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234 but z [ts] (擇澤) and d [t] (瞪)	c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2			d [d]	t [t]	ㄷ [t]
娘	n	nr	[ɳ]	n [n]	n [n]			n [n]	d [d]	ㄴ [n]
精	ts	ts	[ts]	z [ts]	z [ts]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
清	ts'	tsh	[tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
從	dz'	dz	[dz]	c [tsʰ] /_1 z [ts] /_234	c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2			z [z]	s [s]
心	s	s	[s]	s [s] but c [tsʰ] (賜)	s [s] but c [tsʰ] (賽塞速賜肖)			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
邪	z	z	[z]	s [s] but c [tsʰ] in MC zi (詞祠辭) and MC zjuw (囚)	c [tsʰ] /_1,COL2 z [ts] /_34,LIT2 but s [s] (旋羨遂隧殉緒)			z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
莊	tṣ	tsr	[tʂ]	zh [tʂ] but z [ts] (阻俎詛鄒責)	z [ts]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
初	tṣ'	tsrh	[tʂʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] but c [tsʰ] (策冊測惻廁篡)	c [tsʰ]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
崇	dẓ'	dzr	[dʐʰ]					z [z]	s [s]
山	ṣ	sr	[ʂ]	sh [ʂ]	s [s]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
俟	ź	zr	[ʐ]					z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
章	tś	tsy	[tɕ]	zh [tʂ] but ch [tʂʰ] (捶)	z [ts] but c [tsʰ] (捶診疹)			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
昌	tś'	tsyh	[tɕʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] but sh [ʂ] (樞)	c [tsʰ] but s [s] (樞)			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
船	dź'	zy	[ʑ]					z [z]	s [s]
書	ś	sy	[ɕ]	sh [ʂ]	s [s]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
禪	ź	dzy	[dʑ]					z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
日	ńź	ny	[ȵ]					n [n]	z [z]
見	k	k	[k]	g [k]	g [k]			k [k]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
溪	k'	kh	[kʰ]					k [k]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
群	g'	g	[g]					g [ɡ]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
疑	ng	ng	[ŋ]					g [ɡ]	g [ɡ]	ㅇ
影	'	'	[ʔ]					Ø y [j] w [w]	Ø y [j] w [w]	ㅇ
曉	x	x	[h]					k [k]	k [k]	ㅎ [h]
匣	ɣ	h	[ɦ]					g [ɡ] w [w]	k [k]	ㅎ [h]
云	j	hj	[ɦj]	y [j,ɥ]	j [j]					ㅇ
以	∅	y	[j]	y [j,ɥ] but r [ɻ] in: MC yowng (容) MC yuwng (融)	j [j]					ㅇ

* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split are

All third-deng (等) and hekou (合口) rimes
The third-deng (等) and kaikou (開口) rimes of 東, 鍾, 尤

Allophony in reflexes

Note for Mandarin Chinese — The following rules also apply:

z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Cantonese:

Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ], but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
/ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
/n/ is currently merging into /l/, as is /ŋ/ into the null initial.

Note for Japanese — The following rules also apply:

t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
w [w] > 0 /_[i,u,e,o]
/g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.

Note for Korean — The following rules also apply:

ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_
ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]

Rimes

P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
TSR = TR,SR
TSRY = TR,SR,SY
K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)

通攝 Tong She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Japanese		Korean
Rime	Karlgren	Baxter	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
東一開	ung	uwng	ong [ʊŋ] weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ] but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)			u [u] some uu [uː]	ou [oː]
冬一開	uong	owng	ong [ʊŋ] (does not occur /P_)	ung [ʊŋ]			o [o] some ou [oː]	ou [oː]
東三開	i̯ung	juwng	ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /g_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ]			yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K,l,P_	yuu [juː] ou [oː]/P_
鍾三開	i̯wong	jowng	ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /x,ʔ,_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ_			yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K,P_	you [joː] ou [oː]/P_
東一開	uk	uwk	u [u]	uk [ʊk]			oku [oku]	oku [oku]
冬一開	uok	owk	u [u]	uk [ʊk]			oku [oku]	oku [oku]
東三開	i̯uk	juwk	mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ but: ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉) iu [jou] (宿六) uo [uo] (縮)	uk [ʊk]			iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_ uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_ oku [oku] /l_,m_	iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_ yuku [juku] /S_,SY_ uku [uku] /P_ oku [oku] /m_
鍾三開	i̯wok	jowk	mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ but: ü [y] (續綠)	uk [ʊk] juk [jʊk] /ŋ_			oku [oku]	yoku [joku]

江攝 Jiang She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Japanese		Korean
Rime	Karlgren	Baxter	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
江二開	ång	æwng	iang [jɑŋ] / K_ but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港) uang [wɑŋ] /TSR_ ang [ɑŋ] /P_	ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_ oeng [œːŋ] /TSR_			ou [oː]	au [oː]
江二開	åk	æwk	LIT üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_) but e [ɤ] (殼) (u)o [uo] / else but u [u] (朴) COL iao [jau] / K_ (角殼) ao [au] (剝雹)	ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_ ak [ɐk] /ʔ_ for /TR_: oek [œːk] (涿啄琢卓桌) or ok [ɔːk] (擢濯) or uk [ʊk] (濁鐲) for /SR_: ok [ɔːk] (朔欶) or uk [ʊk] (捉)			oku [oku] /P_ aku [aku]	aku [aku]

止攝 Zhi She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Japanese		Korean
Rime	Karlgren	Baxter	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
支三開	ie̯	j(i)e	i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ but i [i] (徙璽) er [ɑɚ] /ny_ i [i] else but ei [ei] (碑卑被)	i [i] /S,TSRY_ but aai [aːi] (徙璽) i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ but ai [ɐi] (蟻) ei [ei] /K,l,P_			i [i]	i [i]
脂三開	i	(j)ij	i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ er [ɑɚ] /ny_ i [i] else but ei [ei] (悲美備眉湄媚魅)	i [i] /S,TSRY_ but ei [ei] (死四) i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ ei [ei] /K,nr,l,d,P_			i [i]	i [i]
之三開	i	i	i [ɿ,ʅ] /S,TSRY_ but e [ɤ] (廁) er [ɑɚ] /ny_ i [i] else	i [i] /S,TSRY_ i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ ei [ei] /K,nr,l,P_ but eoi [ɵy] (裏)			mostly o [o] /K_ but i [i] /ʔ,hj,y_ i [i] /else	i [i]
微三開	e̯i	jɨj	i [i] (none /S,TSRY_)	i [i] /ŋ,ʔ,hj,y_ ei [ei] /K_ (none /S,TSRY,P_)			e [e]	i [i]
支三合	wie̯	jw(i)e	uai [uai] /SR_ ei [ei] /l_ ui [uei] /else (no /P_)	wai [wɐi] /K_ ai [ɐi] /ŋ_ eoi [ɵy] /else (no /P_)			wi [i] /K_ ui [ui] /else	wi [i] /K_ ui [ui] /else
脂三合	wi	(j)wij	uai [uai] /SR_ ei [ei] /l_ ui [uei] /else but i [i] (遺季悸) (no /P_)	wai [wɐi] /K_ (no /ŋ_) eoi [ɵy] /else (no /P_)			wi [i] /K_ ui [ui] /else incl. y_	wi [i] /K_ incl. y_ ui [ui] /else
微三合	we̯i	jwɨj	ui [uei] ei [ei] /P_ (no SR_, l_)	wai [wɐi] /K_ ai [ɐi] /ŋ_ ei [ei] /P_ but ai [ɐi] (沸費)			i [i] /P_ wi [i] /ʔ,hj_ we [e] /K_	i [i] /P_ wi [i] /K_

遇攝 Yu She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Japanese		Korean
Rime	Karlgren	Baxter	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
魚三開	i̯wo	jo	u [u] /TSRY_ ü [y] /else but u [u] (廬蘆) and uo [uo] (所)	yu [y] /ŋ,ʔ,y,TR,SY_ but eoi [ɵy] (除) o [ɔ] /SR_ eoi [ɵy] /K,S,nr,l_
虞三合	i̯u	ju
模一開	uo	u

蟹攝 Xie She

臻攝 Zhen She

山攝 Shan She

效攝 Xiao She

果攝 Guo She

假攝 Jia She

宕攝 Dang She

梗攝 Geng She

曾攝 Ceng She

流攝 Liu She

深攝 Shen She

咸攝 Xian She

Tones

P = MC unvoiced obstruent onset
M = MC sonorant onset
B = MC voiced obstruent onset

Tone		Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Wu Suzhou	Japanese (?)		Korean
Tone		Karlgren	Baxter	Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka Moiyen	Wu Suzhou	Go-On	Kan-On	Korean
平 Ping	P	∅	∅	55	55
	M			35	21
	B			35	21
上 Shang	P	:	X	214	35
	M			214	23
	B			51	23 or 22
去 Qu	P	-	H		33
	M				22
	B				22
入 Ru	P	∅ (-p,t,k)	∅ (-p,t,k)	Random	55 (short) 33 (long)
	M			51	22
	B			35	22

Resources

Middle Chinese

Modern Chinese

Sino-Xenic

Other correspondence lists

Footnotes

↑ [[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.
↑ William Baxter.
↑ Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).

[karlgren-1] [[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.

[baxter-2] William Baxter.

[panwuyun-3] Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 342: / Line 342: @@
 | [tʂʰ]
 | ch [tʂʰ]
+but c [tsʰ]<br />
+(策冊測惻廁篡)
 | c [tsʰ]
 |
@@ Line 403: / Line 405: @@
 | tsyh
 | [tɕʰ]
-| ch [tʂʰ]
+| ch [tʂʰ] <br />
-| c [tsʰ]
+but sh [ʂ] (樞)
+| c [tsʰ] <br />
+but s [s] (樞)
 |
 |