Songulda language: Difference between revisions

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| -to (if word ends with back vowel), -tö (if word has ü in it), -ato (in other cases)
| -to (if word ends with back vowel), -tö (if word has ü in it), -ato (in other cases)
|}
|}
Person/number is obligatory for all verbs except for those that have any  of the following forms: passive voice, imperative mood, subjunctive mood. Together with the inifinitive it is never used. When person/number is dropped, the verb becomes impersonal. This is especially common with the passive voice, producing ''impersonal passive voice''.


====Voice====
====Voice====
Songulda has four voices: active, passive, impersonal passive and causative.
{| border=1
{| border=1
! Voice
! Voice
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| ban-/bĭn-
| ban-/bĭn-
|}
|}
The impersonal passive is made the same way as the passive, except that the person/number suffix, which usually is oblique, is dropped.


====Tense====
====Tense====
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| Present
| Present
| No marking
| No marking
|-
| Stative
| -ga (if the word ends with khu), -iga (if the word ends with a, l or khuld; the previous a is deleted), -yü (if the word ends with ü or ült)
|}
|}
Songulda has no future tense, instead the present tense is used. It is understood from context which tense is actually meant. For example, if someone says "I go to the store", but doesn't move at all from the spot, it is understood to have been meaning "in the future". Using words like "then", "later" and "after" in a sentence also indicate that something will take place in the future.
Songulda has no future tense, instead the present tense is used. It is understood from context which tense is actually meant. For example, if someone says "I go to the store", but doesn't move at all from the spot, it is understood to have been meaning "in the future". Using words like "then", "later" and "after" in a sentence also indicate that something will take place in the future.
The stative tense is used to indicate a change of state. The word for ''marry'' for example, would mean that someone is married if used with this aspect. Without the state aspect, the word would mean that someone is at the wedding ceremony right now.


====Aspect====
====Aspect====
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! Affix
! Affix
! Examples
! Examples
|-
| Conditional
| Circumfixing i- (if word begins with a consonant) or in- (if word begins with a vowel) and -ki/-gi.
|-
|-
| Continuous
| Continuous
Line 980: Line 981:
| -ü (if word ends with ü or ült), -ga (if word ends with ba or dal), -ba (if word ends with da or bal), -da (if word ends with ga or gal), -hukhu (if the word ends with khu; the first khu is deleted), -a (if the word ends with khuld)
| -ü (if word ends with ü or ült), -ga (if word ends with ba or dal), -ba (if word ends with da or bal), -da (if word ends with ga or gal), -hukhu (if the word ends with khu; the first khu is deleted), -a (if the word ends with khuld)
|-
|-
| State
| Defective
| -ga (if the word ends with khu), -iga (if the word ends with a, l or khuld; the previous a is deleted), -yü (if the word ends with ü or ült)
| -eba/-ebü (if word ends with a vowel, it is deleted)
|-
| Intentional
| -eru/-erü (if word ends with vowel, it is deleted)
|-
| Generic
| -ngeen (if word ends with vowel), -een (if word ends with a consonant; that consonant is lengthened if possible)
|-
|- Reportative
| -haka/-hĭkĭ
|-
| Infinitive
| -saa/-sĭĭ
|}
The defective aspect is always used with the present tense form of the verb, even though it actually carries the meaning of past tense.
 
====Mood====
{| border=1
! Aspect
! Affix
! Examples
| Conditional
| Circumfixing i- (if word begins with a consonant) or in- (if word begins with a vowel) and -ki/-gi.
|-
| Imperative
| -nnuy/-nnüy (if word ends with vowel), -innuy/-innüy (if word end with consonant)
|-
| Subjunctive
| -ogo/-ögö (if word ends with vowel, it is deleted)
|}
|}
The "state aspect" is used to indicate a change of state. The word for ''marry'' for example, would mean that someone is married if used with this aspect. Without the state aspect, the word would mean that someone is at the wedding ceremony right now.
The imperative form can be used when talking to a non-living object, for example, out of frustration one can shout "get open already!" to a jar that is hard to open. When used like this, person/number is usually dropped.


== Vocabulary ==
== Vocabulary ==

Revision as of 04:26, 21 July 2008

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Songulda
Songulda
Spoken in:
Conworld:
Total speakers:
Genealogical classification:
Songulda
Basic word order:
Morphological type: agglutinative
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative
Writing system:
Created by:
Qwynegold


Phonology and phonotactics


Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-alv. Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasals m n ŋ
Plosives p b t d k g
Fricatives s ʃ ʒ x h
Affricates ts tʃ dʒ
Approximants ʋ j
Trill r
Lateral Approximant l


Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High i y ɨ u
Near-high
High-mid
Mid e ø o
Low-mid
Near-low
Low ɑ

All the vowels and the consonants /p t k m n s x h l/ can have phonemic length.

Vowel harmony

Songulda has progressive vowel harmony, with vowels belonging to one of the three groups front, back or neutral.

Front Back Neutral
y u i
ø̽ o̽ e̽
ɨ ɑ

If a word root has only neutral vowels in it, then affixes belonging to the front group will be used with it.

Syllable structure

The syllable structure for non-final syllables is (O)V(ː)((C)D(ː)), and for final syllables (O)V(ː)((C)D). For both syllable types, V can be any vowel. For non-final syllables O can be any consonant except /p/ or/ŋː/, and for final syllables any consonant except /ŋː/. The C and D have certain constraints. For non-final syllables, the coda can be any of the following consonants or clusters:

m
n nd ns nʒ nx nh nts ndʒ
p
b
t
d
k
g
s st sk
ʃ
ʒ
x
h
tʃ
dʒ
ʋ ʋd ʋs
j jt jd jk jm jn jr js jx jts jdʒ jl
r rt rd rk rm rs rx rts rj
l lt ld lk lm ls lʒ lx lts ldʒ lj

For final syllables, the coda can be any of the following consonants or clusters:

m mp mt mts mtʃ
n nt nd ns nʒ nts ndʒ
ŋk
b
t
d
g gt gd gs
s sp st sk
ʒ
x
h
tʃ
dʒ
ʋ ʋt ʋd ʋs
j jt jd jk jm jn jr js jx jts jdʒ jl
r rt rd rk rm rts rj rx
l lp lt ld lk lm ls lʃ lʒ lx lts ltʃ ldʒ lj

A list of phonemes that can actually appear next to each other in a word, regardless of whether they are in the same syllable or not is here (long consonants are counted here as sequences of two consonants):

1st phoneme 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph. 2nd ph.
p p t s j l
b d n x dʒ j
t t k m r h ts tʃ ʋ j l
d b g m n r s ʃ x h ʋ j l
k t k s j l
g d m s ʒ x dʒ ʋ j l
m p b t d m n r s ʃ ʒ x h ts tʃ dʒ j l
n t d n s ʃ ʒ x h ts tʃ dʒ ʋ j
ŋ k g m ŋ r l
r p b t d k g m r s ʃ x h ts tʃ dʒ ʋ j
ʃ p t k m ʋ j l
ʒ b d g
x b d g m x dʒ ʋ j l
h p b t d k g m n r s x h ts tʃ dʒ ʋ j l
tʃ p k m ʃ j
dʒ b g n ʒ
ʋ d g r ʒ x dʒ l
j p b t d k g m n r s ʃ ʒ x h ts tʃ dʒ ʋ l
l p b t d k g m n s ʃ ʒ x h ts tʃ dʒ ʋ j l

Other phonotactic rules are:

  • /p/ can not be the first phoneme of a word.
  • Whenever a word has a voiced stop, no unvoiced stops can follow after it in the whole word, unless it is the last phoneme in a coda cluster, and there is no voiced version of the cluster.
  • A syllable with a cluster or affricate in coda position can not have a long vowel, unless the onset is missing.
  • There are no diphtongs.

Writing

The romanized version of Songulda, which will be used from here on, is as follows:

Romanization and pronunciation

A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, Ĭ ĭ, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y

Letter Pronunciation
A a ɑ
B b b
CH ch tʃ
D d d
DZ dz dʒ
E e e̽
F f f
G g g
H h h
I i i
Ĭ ĭ ɨ
J j ʒ
K k k
KH kh x
L l l
M m m
N n n
NG ng ŋː
O o o̽
Ö ö ø̽
P p p
R r r
S s s
SH sh ʃ
T t t
TS ts ts
U u u
Ü ü y
V v ʋ
Y y j


Grammars

Songulda is an ergative, agglutinative language.


Verbs

Stems of all verbs in Songulda end with either -ü, -ba, -da, -ga or -khu. Verbs agree with nouns in person/number and case. The order in which affixes are tacked on is: (conditional)+(causative)+stem+(past tense)+(state)+(perfect)+(continuous)+person/number+(passive)+(conditional). Person and number is fusioned in the suffixes, which are as follow:

Person/number Affix Examples
1st person singular -m (if word ends with vowel), -um/-üm (if word ends with consonant)
1st person plural -o/-ö (if word ends with s), -zo (if word ends with d (making the affricate <dz>), -so/-sö (in other cases)
2nd person singular -t (if word ends with l, s, d or vowel; long vowels in last syllable are shortened, last d is deleted), -tĭ (if word ends with t)
2nd person plural -to/-tö (final d is deleted)
3rd person singular -ta (if word ends with back vowel), -t (if word ends with üü), -üt (if word ends with ü or üs), -üsüt (if word ends with üüs; the üüs is deleted), -ülüt (if word ends with ült; the ült is deleted), -ata (in other cases)
3rd person plural -to (if word ends with back vowel), -tö (if word has ü in it), -ato (in other cases)

Person/number is obligatory for all verbs except for those that have any of the following forms: passive voice, imperative mood, subjunctive mood. Together with the inifinitive it is never used. When person/number is dropped, the verb becomes impersonal. This is especially common with the passive voice, producing impersonal passive voice.

Voice

Voice Affix Examples
Active No marking
Passive -nu/-nü (if word ends with consonant), -nnu/-nnü (if word ends with vowel)
Causative ban-/bĭn-

Tense

Tense Affix Examples
Past -lt (if word ends with ü), -l (if word ends with a), -ld (if word ends with u)
Present No marking
Stative -ga (if the word ends with khu), -iga (if the word ends with a, l or khuld; the previous a is deleted), -yü (if the word ends with ü or ült)

Songulda has no future tense, instead the present tense is used. It is understood from context which tense is actually meant. For example, if someone says "I go to the store", but doesn't move at all from the spot, it is understood to have been meaning "in the future". Using words like "then", "later" and "after" in a sentence also indicate that something will take place in the future.

The stative tense is used to indicate a change of state. The word for marry for example, would mean that someone is married if used with this aspect. Without the state aspect, the word would mean that someone is at the wedding ceremony right now.

Aspect

Aspect Affix Examples
Continuous -üs (if word ends with ü or ült), -as (if word ends with a), -us (if word ends with u or khuld), lengthening of the last vowel (if the word ends with al)
Perfect -ü (if word ends with ü or ült), -ga (if word ends with ba or dal), -ba (if word ends with da or bal), -da (if word ends with ga or gal), -hukhu (if the word ends with khu; the first khu is deleted), -a (if the word ends with khuld)
Defective -eba/-ebü (if word ends with a vowel, it is deleted)
Intentional -eru/-erü (if word ends with vowel, it is deleted)
Generic -ngeen (if word ends with vowel), -een (if word ends with a consonant; that consonant is lengthened if possible)
-haka/-hĭkĭ
Infinitive -saa/-sĭĭ

The defective aspect is always used with the present tense form of the verb, even though it actually carries the meaning of past tense.

Mood

Aspect Affix Examples Conditional Circumfixing i- (if word begins with a consonant) or in- (if word begins with a vowel) and -ki/-gi.
Imperative -nnuy/-nnüy (if word ends with vowel), -innuy/-innüy (if word end with consonant)
Subjunctive -ogo/-ögö (if word ends with vowel, it is deleted)

The imperative form can be used when talking to a non-living object, for example, out of frustration one can shout "get open already!" to a jar that is hard to open. When used like this, person/number is usually dropped.

Vocabulary

Pronouns

1st person 2nd person 3rd person Interrogative No one Everyone
Singular um tĭ ata kabu ya kim
Plural uso to ato kabu kim

Numerals

1. yom
2. mul
3. den
4. sam
5. loovi
6. sok
7. shingk
8. langk
9. vihil
10. sham
100. chen
1000. tsun

Larger numbers are formed in the same way as in English, i.e. 27 for example is mul (two) × sham (ten) + shingk (seven) = mulshamshingk (twenty seven). All the numerals have been borrowed from Xǔngpìng so there are quite a few irregular ones.

11. mil
13. shek
17. chun
19. gog
23. mulshek
29. mulgog
31. demmil
37. denchun
41. sammil
43. samshek
47. samchun
53. vilooshek
59. viloogog
61. sokmil
67. sokchun
71. shingkmil
73. shingkshek
79. shinggog
83. langkshek
97. vihilchun
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