IPA: Difference between revisions

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| Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
| Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]]
|-
|-
| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]
|-
|-
| Affricative || [[Voicless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced Labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless Inter-dental affricate|tθ]] || [[Voiced Inter-dental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ʦ]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dž]] || [[Voiceless  Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless Retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced Retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless Palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced Palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless Velar  affricate|kx]] [Voiced Velar affricate|gɣ]]
| Affricative || [[Voicless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial affricate|bβ]] || [[Voiceless labiodental affricate|pf]] [[Voiced Labiodental affricate|bv]] || [[Voiceless Inter-dental affricate|tθ]] [[Voiced Inter-dental affricate|dð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|ʦ]] [[ Voiced alveolar affricate|dž]] || [[Voiceless  Post Alveolar affricate|ʧ]] [[Voiced Post Alveolar affricate|ʤ]] || [[Voiceless Retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]] [[Voiced Retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]] || [[Voiceless Palatal affricate|cç]] [[Voiced Palatal affricate|ɟʝ]] || [[Voiceless Velar  affricate|kx]] [Voiced Velar affricate|gɣ]]
|-
|-
| Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]]
| Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]]

Revision as of 11:42, 27 May 2008

The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.

Pulmonic Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d t̠ d̠ ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʔ
Nasal m ɱ n̪ n n̠ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill ʙ r̪ r r̠ ʀ
Tap or Flap ɾ̪ ɾ ɾ̠ ɽ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Affricative pɸ bβ pf bv tθ dð ʦ dž ʧ ʤ ʈʂ ɖʐ cç ɟʝ kx [Voiced Velar affricate|gɣ]]
Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ ɭ̝ ʎ̝ ʟ̝
Approximant β̞ ʋ ɹ̪ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʕ̞
Lateral approximant l̪ l l̠ ɭ ʎ ʟ

Non-pulmonic Consonants

Clicks Voiced Implosives Ejectives
ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ as in:
ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar
ǁ Lateral alveolar ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i · y ɨ · ʉ ɯ · u
ɪ · ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e · ø ɘ · ɵ ɤ · o
ə
Open-mid ɛ · œ ɜ · ɞ ʌ · ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a · ɶ ɑ · ɒ

Other Symbols

ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative
w Voiced labial-velar approximant
ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant
ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative
ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative
ʔ Epiglottal plosive
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives
ɺ Lateral alveolar flap
ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x.
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.

k͡p t͡s

Suprasegmentals

ˈ Primary stress ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən
ˌ Secondary stress
ː Long eː
ˑ Half-long eˑ
˘ Extra short ĕ
. Syllable break ɹi.ækt
Minor (foot) group
Major (intonation) group
‿ Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Level Contour
e̋ or ˥
é ˦
ē ˧
è ˨
ȅ ˩

Diacritics

̥ Voiceless n̥ d̥ ̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ̪ Dental t̪ d̪
̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼ ̻ Laminal t̻ d̻
˒ More rounded ɔ̜ ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ ~ Nasalized ẽ
˓ Less rounded ɔ̹ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ
˖ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop dˠ]] ˡ Lateral release dˡ
˗ Retracted i̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d̚
¨ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ˔ Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative)
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