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| '''Consonants''' | | '''Consonants''' |
| -Plosives /p t d c k/ | | -Plosives /p t d c ɟ k/ <p t d c j k> |
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| -Nasals /m n ŋ/ | | -Nasals /m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ> |
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| -Fricatives /ð s ç h/ | | -Fricatives /ɸ β s ɕ x/ <f v s š h> |
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| -Affricate: /ts/
| | -Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j/ <r l y> |
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| -Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j/ | |
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| '''Vowels''' | | '''Vowels''' |
| /i e ɛ a o ɤ u ɯ/ | | /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/ |
| | | <i e e̩ a o̩ o u> |
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| '''Syllable Structure''' | | '''Syllable Structure''' |
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| Sarm has a basic (C)V(C) syllable structure; the only compulsory element is a vowel. There are few restrictions on which consonants may occur in the onset positions, however there are several caveats with regards to coda consonants:Word internally, the only consonants that may appear in a coda are /n p t k r s j/. Word finally, these consonants as well as /x l m ŋ/ occur
| | Sarim has a basic (C)V(C) syllable structure; the only compulsory element is a vowel. The following CC sequences occur medially: |
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| Sequences that do not occur in modern Sarim:
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| -Palatals and velars are not distinguished before /i/, having merged at an earlier stage.
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| -/rs rð/ does not occurf, having merged with /s: ð:/.
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| -The sequences /ji/ and /ij/ do not occur.
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| -/e/ and /ɛ/ merge to /e/ in closed syllables.
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| | /pp pn pt pc mm mp mn mŋ ms tt nn nt ns sp st sk ss sm sn sŋ rp rt rc rk cc cn cm kk kt kn km ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋs/ |
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| | Word finally, only /t n s l j k ŋ/ occur. |
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| -In closed syllables, /e o ɤ a/ are realised as [ɛ ɔ ʌ ɐ]. | | -Coda /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of the following consonant, thus /'anke/ is realised as ['aŋke]. |
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| -Before another consonant, /h/ is realised as [x]. | | -Vowels in stressed syllables and before /r l/ are realised as longer than other vowels. |
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| -Coda /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of the following consonant, thus /'anke/ is realised as ['ɐ:ŋke].
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| -Vowels in stressed syllables and before /r l/ are realised as longer than other vowels. | | -/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant. |
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| -/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [h] before a consonant. | | -/c ɟ/ tend to be realised as either palatal affricates [cç ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricates [tɕ dʑ], especially among younger speakers. |
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| -/ts s/ are realised as [tʃ ʃ] before /i/. | | -Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as sequences nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps]. |
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| -Before a nasal, /p t k/ are realised as [m n ŋ] respectively. Before another voiced consonant they are realised as [b d g]. Before a palatal, both /t/ and /k/ are realised as [c] ([ɟ] before /ɟ/)
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| Stress in Sarim is regular, always falling on the antipenultimate syllable for words more than 3 syllable long, and on the penult for bisyllabic words. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not. | | Stress in Sarim is regular, always falling on the antipenultimate syllable for words more than 3 syllable long, and on the penult for bisyllabic words. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not. |
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| Pitch accent is not phonemic, but fairly complex. Sarim words can be divided into morae. Open syllables with short vowels are
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| monomoraic, open syllables with long vowels and closed syllables with short vowels are dimoraic, and closed syllables with long vowels are trimoraic . The pitch accent falls on the antipenultimate mora. Pitch accent is realised as a lower tone on the accented syllable. In addition, the syllables immediately preceding and following the accented syllabe are realised as falling and rising, respectively. If the pitch accent is on the initial syllable, it is realised as a falling pitch, with the next syllable rising.
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| '''Sandhi''' | | '''Sandhi''' |
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| -If a word ends in /h/, and the following word begins with a consonant, the /h/ is realised as [x]. | | -If a word ends in /h/, and the following word begins with a consonant, the /h/ is realised as [x]. |
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| '''Romanisation'''
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| The consonants/p t d c k m n ŋ ð s ç h ts r l j/ are generally represented by <p t d ky k m n ng dh s hy h ts r l i, with the exception that when realised [m n ŋ], /p t k/ are written <m n n>, and when before a voiced consonant <b d g. When before a palatal, /t/ is written <k>.
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| The vowels /i e ɛ a o ɤ u ɯ/ are represented with <i e ea a o eo u eu
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| '''Sample Sarim Words''' | | '''Sample Sarim Words''' |
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| /'dun/ ['dŭ:n], '''dun''' "man" | | /'dun/ ['dun], '''dun''' "man" |
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| /'arkitcɤ/ ['ɐ̀:hkĭc:ɤ́] '''arkikkyeo''' "break"
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| /'hepnar/ ['hɛ̀:mnɐ̆:h]'''hemnar''' "Our sister"
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| ----
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| ==Nominal Morphology==
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| Sarim nouns are declined for two cases (direct and construct), and two numbers
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| '''Possessive Clitics'''
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| == Verbal Morphology ==
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| Compared to nouns, Sarim verbs are more richly inflected. The bare form of the verb is the stem. There are two verb classes in Sarim, stems ending in vowels, e.g. '''kara-''' ''use,make,do'' and consonant stems, e.g. '''sov-''' ''speak''.
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| There is one infinite verb form in Sarim, the verbal noun. If the verbal noun morpheme appears following a consonant, it is -'''o'''. If it appears after a vowel then it has the allomorph /0/. Any potential verb form may be made into a verbal noun, e.g. '''mathido''' play-IRR-PERF-VRB.NOUN ''maybe having played''. The possessive clitics may be used on a verbal noun construction, but not the person verbal clitics, e.g. '''sovon''' ''my speaking'', not *'''sovano'''. The verbal noun may also receive case inflections:
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| *''' ''ya nidonane tos yatrena'' phŭrjan karyo'''
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| *''at be-PERF-VRB.NOUN-GEN-1PP to town-OBL '' have-INC-1PS hunger''
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| *I started to get hungry when we arrived in town
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| == Syntax ==
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| '''Theta-roles in Sarim'''
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| Sarim shows Ergative alignment. This means that Sarim treats the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient of a transitive verb (P) the same, and marks the agent of a transitive verb (A) differently. However, the animate pronouns show nominative alignment, as found in English and most other European languages. Sarim is therefore a split-ergative language.
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| Sarim ditransitive verbs show dative alignment; the theme (what is given) is marked as absolutive, whilst the receiver is marked as Dative.
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| '''Sarim Words'''
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| The basic divide in Sarim is between lexical and grammatical words.
| | /'arkic:ɔ/ ['ahkic:ɤ́] '''arkikkyo̩''' "break" |
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| * Lexical words are any words referring to an object, state, or action
| | /'hemnal/ ['hemna:l]'''hemnar''' "Our sister" |
| * Grammatical words show function or position, or modify meaning.
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Sarim is a language spoken in the Sarmanin region in the west of Yandras.
Phonology
Consonants
-Plosives /p t d c ɟ k/
-Nasals /m n ŋ/ <m n ŋ>
-Fricatives /ɸ β s ɕ x/ <f v s š h>
-Rhotic/Approximants: /r l j/ <r l y>
Vowels
/i e ɛ a ɔ o u/
Syllable Structure
Sarim has a basic (C)V(C) syllable structure; the only compulsory element is a vowel. The following CC sequences occur medially:
/pp pn pt pc mm mp mn mŋ ms tt nn nt ns sp st sk ss sm sn sŋ rp rt rc rk cc cn cm kk kt kn km ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋs/
Word finally, only /t n s l j k ŋ/ occur.
Allophony
-Coda /n/ assimilates to the point of articulation of the following consonant, thus /'anke/ is realised as ['aŋke].
-Vowels in stressed syllables and before /r l/ are realised as longer than other vowels.
-/r/ is realised as a tap [ɾ] before a vowel and word-finally, but [ɦ] before a consonant.
-/c ɟ/ tend to be realised as either palatal affricates [cç ɟʝ] or postalveolar affricates [tɕ dʑ], especially among younger speakers.
-Before /s/, nasals tend to be realised as sequences nasal+voiceless stop, e.g. /ms/ = [mps].
Stress and Pitch Accent
Stress in Sarim is regular, always falling on the antipenultimate syllable for words more than 3 syllable long, and on the penult for bisyllabic words. Monosyllabic lexical words are stressed, but grammatical particles are not.
Sandhi
-If two vowels would adjacent over a word boundary, an epenthetic [ʔ] is inserted.
-If a word ends with a fricative, and the proceeding word begins in the different fricative, the coda fricative assimilates to become the geminant of the onset fricative.
-If a word ends in /h/, and the following word begins with a consonant, the /h/ is realised as [x].
Sample Sarim Words
/'dun/ ['dun], dun "man"
/'arkic:ɔ/ ['ahkic:ɤ́] arkikkyo̩ "break"
/'hemnal/ ['hemna:l]hemnar "Our sister"
