East-C Altaic': Difference between revisions
(→Sound changes from [[Proto-East Altaic']]: clusters) |
(→Sound changes from [[Proto-East Altaic']]: sibilant lenition details, remaining prenasals) |
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*ʈ → ɽ | *ʈ → ɽ | ||
*Prenasalization drops before stops, creating a voiced stop series | *Prenasalization drops before stops, creating a voiced stop series | ||
**also mβ → mw → ŋw intervocally | |||
**remaining preconsonantal non-postvocalic nasals vocalize | |||
*Labialized velars & uvulars become labial-velars & -uvulars | *Labialized velars & uvulars become labial-velars & -uvulars | ||
*ɢ → ʁ; b → β | *ɢ → ʁ; b → β intervocally | ||
*cluster cleanup: | *cluster cleanup: | ||
**elimination of 1st member | **elimination of 1st member | ||
| Line 128: | Line 130: | ||
*ɽ → ɭ in coda position, → ɖ intervocally, → ∅ elsewhere | *ɽ → ɭ in coda position, → ɖ intervocally, → ∅ elsewhere | ||
*ll → ɭ | *ll → ɭ | ||
*ʂ, ʃ → j intervocally in front-harmonic context, later generalized in certain suffixes to back-harmonic context too | |||
Revision as of 13:48, 18 March 2008
This will probably eventually be forked to a separate daughterlang page.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Postalveolar | Velar | Labial-velar | Uvular | Labial-uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stops (P) | p | t | c /ʧ/ | k | kp | q | qp | ||
| Voiced stops (B) | b | d | dr /ɖ/ | j /ʤ/ | g | gb | xb /ɢb/ | ||
| Nasals (N) | m | n | nr /ɳ/ | ŋ (ng) | gm /ŋm/ | xm /ɴm/ | |||
| Fricativs (F) | v /β/ | s | sr /ʂ/ | sy /ʃ/ | x /ʁ/ | h | |||
| Approximants (A) | l | ll /ɭ/ | y /j/ | w |
- /β/ is written <b> after /t/ and in some words intervocally.
- /ʂ ʃ/ are written <s> in coda position.
- /ɭ/ is written <l> before another retroflex.
A final t or c is elided before a word beginning with a voiced stop.
Long vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Hi | í /iː/ | ú /uː/ |
| Mid | ie /iɛ̯/ | ua /uɔ̯/ |
| Lo | é /aɪ̯/ | á /ɑː/ |
Short vowels
Hi i, u /ɪ ~ ʊ/; lo e, a /ɛ ~ ʌ/.
There's a front-back harmony in effect which prohibits short back vowels occuring after front vowels, and vice versa. Factor in that the first vowel of a word is always long, and hey presto, we have only two short arkivowels.
A final lo short vowel is reduced to shwa or elided wholesale before a word beginning with a sonorant.
Stress
Final if it's a long vowel, on the penult if that has a long vowel but the final doesn't, initial otherwise. In the first 2 cases, there's secondary initial stress.
Phonotax
CV{t, c, S, m, n, ŋ, L}
dr nr ll gm xm do not occur word-initially. b does not occur intervocally.
Occuring clusters:
- tP tŋ tb (=/tβ/) ty tw
- ck cy cw
- SP Sv SS Sw
- This arkiphoneme is /ʂ/ before another /ʂ/, /ʃ/ before /ʃ ʧ/, as well as word-finally or before a non-coronal after a front vowel; and /s/ elsewhere.
- mp
- n + coronal other than /ɖ ɳ ɭ l/; ny nw
- ŋP ŋB ŋŋ ŋF ŋl ŋy ŋw
- except ŋb ŋɖ ŋʤ
- ŋq ŋqp ŋx ŋxb have [ɴ]
- lP lB lF ly lw
- ldr lsr are /ɭɖ ɭʂ/)
Sound changes from Proto-East Altaic'
(partial list)
- Front vowel chain shift: æ → e → i → əɪ
- ʊ → o
- syncope
- e o tensen, then → iɛ uɔ
- ɪ ɜ → ɪ~ʊ, ɛ~ʌ as decribed
- əɪ → aɪ
- ʈ → ɽ
- Prenasalization drops before stops, creating a voiced stop series
- also mβ → mw → ŋw intervocally
- remaining preconsonantal non-postvocalic nasals vocalize
- Labialized velars & uvulars become labial-velars & -uvulars
- ɢ → ʁ; b → β intervocally
- cluster cleanup:
- elimination of 1st member
- t d → ∅ / _ɽ
- regressiv gemination
- m n → l / _l
- S → N / _N
- t → m / _m
- P → S / _S
- tb → tβ
- labiodorsalization w/ regressiv voicing
- kb km → gb ŋm
- qb qm → ɢb ɴm
- gp gm → kp ŋm
- etc.
- sj → ʃ
- elimination of 1st member
- ɽ → ɭ in coda position, → ɖ intervocally, → ∅ elsewhere
- ll → ɭ
- ʂ, ʃ → j intervocally in front-harmonic context, later generalized in certain suffixes to back-harmonic context too
