Proto-West Altaic': Difference between revisions
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(fcuk, N/S mixed up; set up mid-PWA') |
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==[[Proto-Altaic']] to Erly Proto-West Altaic'== | ==[[Proto-Altaic']] to Erly Proto-West Altaic'== | ||
*/s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal | */s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal | ||
* | *Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops | ||
*Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization | *Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization | ||
*/w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF [[Proto-Betamax]]) | */w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF [[Proto-Betamax]]) | ||
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*/t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops) | */t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops) | ||
*Fricativ voicing | *Fricativ voicing | ||
*Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?) | |||
*/d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?) | */d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?) | ||
*Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too) | |||
<!-- m?\ revittäneen assimilatorisesti (muist. myös vokaaliefektit), f?\ huitsinnevadaan kthxbye; mistä hitosta d- tulee??--> | <!-- m?\ revittäneen assimilatorisesti (muist. myös vokaaliefektit), f?\ huitsinnevadaan kthxbye; mistä hitosta d- tulee??--> | ||
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! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental | ! rowspan="2" | Lamino-<br/>dental | ||
! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>postalveolar | ! colspan="2" | Apico-<br/>postalveolar | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | Velar | ||
! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal | ! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal | ||
! rowspan="2" | Glottal | ! rowspan="2" | Glottal | ||
| Line 45: | Line 47: | ||
!<small>Plain</small> | !<small>Plain</small> | ||
!<small>Emphatic</small> | !<small>Emphatic</small> | ||
!<small>Plain</small> | |||
!<small>Labial</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiceless stops | ! Voiceless stops | ||
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| align="center" | ṯˤ | | align="center" | ṯˤ | ||
| align="center" | k | | align="center" | k | ||
| align="center" | kʷ | |||
| | | | ||
| align="center" | ʔ | | align="center" | ʔ | ||
| Line 63: | Line 68: | ||
| align="center" | ḏˤ | | align="center" | ḏˤ | ||
| align="center" | ɡ | | align="center" | ɡ | ||
| align="center" | ɡʷ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiceless fricativs | ! Voiceless fricativs | ||
| Line 71: | Line 77: | ||
| align="center" | ʂˣ | | align="center" | ʂˣ | ||
| | | | ||
| align="center" | xʷ | |||
| align="center" | ħ | | align="center" | ħ | ||
| align="center" | h | | align="center" | h | ||
| Line 81: | Line 88: | ||
| align="center" | ʐˠ | | align="center" | ʐˠ | ||
| | | | ||
| align="center" | (ɣʷ) | |||
| align="center" | ʕ | | align="center" | ʕ | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| align="center" | ɫ | | align="center" | ɫ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semivowels | |||
| || || || | |||
| align0"center" | ɻˠ | |||
| align="left" | j | |||
| align="center" | w | |||
|} | |} | ||
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.) | (Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.) | ||
Revision as of 18:17, 8 February 2008
Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic'
- /s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasal
- Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
- Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
- /w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF Proto-Betamax)
- /N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
Erly to mid PWA'
ca. -3ka
Middle PWA' had three main dialects: Northern, spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken across a wide area south of this, further broken down to West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and Proto-Sadabax, spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
- /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh ŋʷh ħ fˤ ŋħ ŋʷħ/
- Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
- POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect:
- 1) /kʷ ŋʷ qʷ/ → /p m pˤ/ (South), /pˠ m kʴ/ (North)
- 2) /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ θ ??/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North) (/m/ is not pushed due to distributional differences)
- Associated approximant drift
- /l/ → /n̻/
- /j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
- /w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
- /ts/ → /θ/ (only in West)
- /q/ → /ʔ/ (South), /kʴ/ (North)
- /θ/ → /s̻/ (→ /sʲ/ in North and Sadabax)
Mid to late PWA'
ca. -1.5ka
- /t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
- Fricativ voicing
- Velar rounding (maybe not with vowel elision but mergers / harmony?)
- /d̻ ḏ ḏˤ/ → /l̻ ḻ ɫ/ conditionally (pretonic intervocalic maybe?)
- Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
| Labial | Lamino- dental |
Apico- postalveolar |
Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Emphatic | Plain | Emphatic | Plain | Labial | ||||
| Voiceless stops | p | pˤ | t̻ | ṯ | ṯˤ | k | kʷ | ʔ | |
| Voiced stops | b | bˤ | d̻ | ḏ | ḏˤ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||
| Voiceless fricativs | s̻ | s̱ | ʂˣ | xʷ | ħ | h | |||
| Voiced fricativs | z̻ | ẕ | ʐˠ | (ɣʷ) | ʕ | ||||
| Nasals | m | mˤ | n̻ | ṉ | ŋ | ||||
| Laterals | l̻ | ḻ | ɫ | ||||||
| Semivowels | ɻˠ | j | w | ||||||
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)
