Halcánian dialect: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (internal) | ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (internal) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| inessive || - | | inessive || -asä || in || talojasa || in (a) house | ||
|- | |- | ||
| elative || -ta || from (inside) || talojta || from (a) house | | elative || -ta || from (inside) || talojta || from (a) house | ||
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| essive || -na || as || talojna || as a house | | essive || -na || as || talojna || as a house | ||
|- | |- | ||
| exessive || - | | exessive || -attä || from being || talojatta || from being a house | ||
|- | |- | ||
| translative || -iksi || to (role of) || talojiksi || to a house | | translative || -iksi || to (role of) || talojiksi || to a house | ||
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Although the above cases almost replicate those of the Finnish language, their usage is much more 'definate'. And, since Halcarnian is an inflected dialect, word order within sentences can be comparatively free - the function of a word being indicated by its ending. But, for emphasis, word order does change on a regular basis: | Although the above cases almost replicate those of the Finnish language, their usage is much more 'definate'. And, since Halcarnian is an inflected dialect, word order within sentences can be comparatively free - the function of a word being indicated by its ending. But, for emphasis, word order does change on a regular basis: | ||
* ''' | * '''Danuutt taloj'''. ''There is a house''. (but its not important). | ||
** '''Talojan | ** '''Talojan danuutt!''' ''Look, a HOUSE!'' (although in this sentence, HOUSE isnt technically an object, the object marker is used to give special attention to it). | ||
* '''Mina | * '''Mina gavisuur talojan '''. ''I saw a house''.<br/>Often, Halcarnians will leave off the object marker if the object carries no special importance. However, if it's the object that is to be emphasised, it nearly always goes first, in which case, the marker must be used: | ||
** '''Talojan gavisur mina!''' ''I saw a HOUSE!''<br/>Leaving off the marker here could cause confusion. '''Taloj gavisur mina''' potentially translates as ''A house saw I''! | ** '''Talojan gavisur mina!''' ''I saw a HOUSE!''<br/>Leaving off the marker here could cause confusion. '''Taloj gavisur mina''' potentially translates as ''A house saw I''! | ||
* ''' | * '''Haan habitr talojasä .''' ''He lives in a house''. | ||
** ''' | ** '''Talojasä habitr han!''' ''It's a HOUSE he lives in! He lives in a HOUSE!'' | ||
* ''' | * '''Sihaan gakamur talojatä'''. ''She came out of (from inside) a house''. | ||
* '''Anke goria talojsta.''' ''Anke is going into a house''. | * '''Anke goria talojsta.''' ''Anke is going into a house''. | ||
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* '''Jonäokni, til talojna.''' ''At the moment, it's a house''. | * '''Jonäokni, til talojna.''' ''At the moment, it's a house''. | ||
* '''Eren | * '''Eren gafuukr til talojattä talotuurijeliksi''' ''They changed it from a house into flats''.<br/>In '''talotuurijeliksi''', the suffix '''tuuri''' is a diminutive suffix (makes something small) and '''el''' is the plural marker, as in Standard Dalcurian. | ||
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The main differences are: | The main differences are: | ||
'''ö''' is written as ''' | '''ö''' is written as '''uu''' | ||
'''é''' is written as '''ee''' | '''é''' is written as '''ee''' | ||
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'''kk'''-the way to voice this is to pronounce the first '''k''' hard, the second is voiced like the English '''Y''' in ''yacht'' or the soft '''J''' in the German ''Javol'' or ''Ja''. One has to be careful of spelling traps too, for example the Halcarnian word for a thin, summer jacket is '''hakan''', but the same word spelled '''hakkan''' means ''peace'' or ''serenity''. Here are some examples in Standard and Halcarnian respectively: | '''kk'''-the way to voice this is to pronounce the first '''k''' hard, the second is voiced like the English '''Y''' in ''yacht'' or the soft '''J''' in the German ''Javol'' or ''Ja''. One has to be careful of spelling traps too, for example the Halcarnian word for a thin, summer jacket is '''hakan''', but the same word spelled '''hakkan''' means ''peace'' or ''serenity''. Here are some examples in Standard and Halcarnian respectively: | ||
* '''strömi, | * '''strömi, struumi'''-hot | ||
* '''vélø, veelok'''-cold | * '''vélø, veelok'''-cold | ||
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* '''sina'''-''you'' | * '''sina'''-''you'' | ||
* ''' | * '''haan'''-''he'' | ||
* ''' | * '''sihaan'''-''she'' | ||
* '''til'''-''it'' | * '''til'''-''it'' | ||
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* '''meena'''-''we'' | * '''meena'''-''we'' | ||
* '''manuu'''-''one/you'' (non specific) | |||
Accusative (objective) pronouns are denoted with the noun markers: | Accusative (objective) pronouns are denoted with the noun markers: | ||
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* '''Meena gavisur gadurajan'''. ''We saw a dog''. ( This sentence can also be written as: '''Gadurajan gavisur meena'''. It still means, ''We saw a dog'' because of the objective marker, but gives more importance to the dog as if to say, ''It was a DOG we saw''!) | * '''Meena gavisur gadurajan'''. ''We saw a dog''. ( This sentence can also be written as: '''Gadurajan gavisur meena'''. It still means, ''We saw a dog'' because of the objective marker, but gives more importance to the dog as if to say, ''It was a DOG we saw''!) | ||
* '''Sihan kualteedria | * '''Sihan kualteedria hanän.''' ''She's asking him a question''. | ||
The Halcarnian case system makes it difficult for speakers of of Indo-European languages to grasp-especially if you're used to using prepositions to place a noun. Thankfully, this case system doesn't extend into the articles '''a''' and '''the''' as in German. In fact, the absence of the definate article '''the''' automatically renders '''a''', and '''di''' is only used when its really neccessary to identify the noun: | The Halcarnian case system makes it difficult for speakers of of Indo-European languages to grasp-especially if you're used to using prepositions to place a noun. Thankfully, this case system doesn't extend into the articles '''a''' and '''the''' as in German. In fact, the absence of the definate article '''the''' automatically renders '''a''', and '''di''' is only used when its really neccessary to identify the noun: | ||
''' | '''Danuutt taloj.''' ''There is '''a''' house''. but: | ||
''' | '''Danuutt di taloj.''' ''There is '''the''' house''. | ||
==='''Word order'''=== | ==='''Word order'''=== | ||
Revision as of 13:43, 14 November 2007
back to Dalcurian main page
Page currently undergoing information additions
The Halcarnian dialect, also known as: Söemi'Dal'qörian (Finno-Dalcurian) and Gerödn'qonvetarämös (lit: under speech-an unfavourable term and offensive to Halcarnians), has several differences between itself and 'Dal'qöriádn-Standard Dalcurian'. These include:
- Noun cases/markers
- Spelling, pronunciation and word differences
- Pronouns
- Modal expressivness
- Possesive structure
- Word order
Here are brief descriptions of those differences.
Noun Cases and markers
Halcarnian has fifteen noun cases: 3 grammatical cases, 6 locative cases, 3 essive cases and 3 marginal cases.
| Halcarnian cases | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Suffix | English prep. | Sample | Translation |
| Grammatical | ||||
| nominative | - | taloj | house | |
| genitive | -in | of | talojin | of (a) house |
| accusative | -an | - | talojan | house (as an object) |
| Locative (internal) | ||||
| inessive | -asä | in | talojasa | in (a) house |
| elative | -ta | from (inside) | talojta | from (a) house |
| illative | -sta | into | talojsta | into (a) house |
| Locative (external) | ||||
| adessive | -la | at, on | talojla | at (a) house |
| ablative | -lta | from | talojlta | from (a) house |
| allative | -le | to | talojle | to (a) house |
| Essive | ||||
| essive | -na | as | talojna | as a house |
| exessive | -attä | from being | talojatta | from being a house |
| translative | -iksi | to (role of) | talojiksi | to a house |
| Marginal | ||||
| instructive | -in | with (the aid of) | talojin | with the house |
| abessive | -uta | without | talojuta | without (a) house |
| comitative | -ne | together (with) | talojne | with a house |
Although the above cases almost replicate those of the Finnish language, their usage is much more 'definate'. And, since Halcarnian is an inflected dialect, word order within sentences can be comparatively free - the function of a word being indicated by its ending. But, for emphasis, word order does change on a regular basis:
- Danuutt taloj. There is a house. (but its not important).
- Talojan danuutt! Look, a HOUSE! (although in this sentence, HOUSE isnt technically an object, the object marker is used to give special attention to it).
- Mina gavisuur talojan . I saw a house.
Often, Halcarnians will leave off the object marker if the object carries no special importance. However, if it's the object that is to be emphasised, it nearly always goes first, in which case, the marker must be used:- Talojan gavisur mina! I saw a HOUSE!
Leaving off the marker here could cause confusion. Taloj gavisur mina potentially translates as A house saw I!
- Talojan gavisur mina! I saw a HOUSE!
- Haan habitr talojasä . He lives in a house.
- Talojasä habitr han! It's a HOUSE he lives in! He lives in a HOUSE!
- Sihaan gakamur talojatä. She came out of (from inside) a house.
- Anke goria talojsta. Anke is going into a house.
- Anke talojla. Anke is at home.
- Talojla Anke! Anke is at HOME!
- Anke gagor talojlta. Anke left a house. (lit: Anke went away from a house)
- Anke goria talojle. Anke is going to a house.
- Jonäokni, til talojna. At the moment, it's a house.
- Eren gafuukr til talojattä talotuurijeliksi They changed it from a house into flats.
In talotuurijeliksi, the suffix tuuri is a diminutive suffix (makes something small) and el is the plural marker, as in Standard Dalcurian.
Spelling/pronunciation
The main differences are:
ö is written as uu
é is written as ee
á is written as aa
ø is written as ok but pronounced hard as in lock
c is replaced with k and pronounced hard
Þ is replaced with tt but pronounced the same
qu is written as ku
kk-the way to voice this is to pronounce the first k hard, the second is voiced like the English Y in yacht or the soft J in the German Javol or Ja. One has to be careful of spelling traps too, for example the Halcarnian word for a thin, summer jacket is hakan, but the same word spelled hakkan means peace or serenity. Here are some examples in Standard and Halcarnian respectively:
- strömi, struumi-hot
- vélø, veelok-cold
- iáda, iaada-today
- alsalöátsi, alsaluaatsi-fanatic
- eÞöa, ettua-some
- hemørämös, hemokrämus-forgiveness
Pronouns
Halcarnian pronouns are as follows:
Nominative, Accusative:
- mina-I
- sina-you
- haan-he
- sihaan-she
- til-it
- eren-they
- meena-we
- manuu-one/you (non specific)
Accusative (objective) pronouns are denoted with the noun markers:
- Mina gavisur sinan I saw you.. (If the subject noun or pronoun ends in a only an objective n is added)
- Han gavisur minan. He saw me.
- Meena gavisur gadurajan. We saw a dog. ( This sentence can also be written as: Gadurajan gavisur meena. It still means, We saw a dog because of the objective marker, but gives more importance to the dog as if to say, It was a DOG we saw!)
- Sihan kualteedria hanän. She's asking him a question.
The Halcarnian case system makes it difficult for speakers of of Indo-European languages to grasp-especially if you're used to using prepositions to place a noun. Thankfully, this case system doesn't extend into the articles a and the as in German. In fact, the absence of the definate article the automatically renders a, and di is only used when its really neccessary to identify the noun:
Danuutt taloj. There is a house. but:
Danuutt di taloj. There is the house.
Word order
Generally, Halcarnian word order is SVO, though for emphasis it can change to OSV:
Mina goria abudäanen. I'm going into a house. but for emphasis:
Abudäanen mina goria! It's a HOUSE I'm going into!
Note: Some might say that in the above example, house is in the dative; Halcarnian still recognises this as an object rather than an indirect object because nothing else is being acted upon by the verb. Therefore abudä must still take the objective marker an as well as its 'illative' marker.
