Velyan: Difference between revisions
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*Labialisation is marked by writing '''ʍ''' after the letter. | *Labialisation is marked by writing '''ʍ''' after the letter. | ||
*Aspiration is marked by writing '''h''' (without a dot) after the letter. | *Aspiration is marked by writing '''h''' (without a dot) after the letter. | ||
==Morphology== | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
Nouns in Velyan are divided into '''noun classes''' and inflect for '''number''', '''case''', '''possessor''', '''destination''' and '''deixis'''. Suffixes (there are no prefixes or infixes in Velyan) are added to the noun, or (more often) to the '''oblique stem'''. | |||
====Noun Classes==== | |||
There are several noun classes in Velyan, reflecting the division of nouns into several semantic categories. The noun classes are added to a notional form of the noun known as the '''base'''. In some cases, the base of a noun ends in one of the letters '''l''', '''n''', '''r''', '''s''', '''t''', | |||
====Stems==== | |||
====Number==== | |||
The '''singular''' is unmarked, as in English: '''kótti''' ''cat''. The '''plural''' is formed in three ways: | |||
* When not followed by another suffix, it is marked by the addition of '''-t''' to the oblique stem: '''kóttit''' ''cats''; | |||
* When followed by another suffix beginning with a consonant, it is marked by the addition of '''-i-''' to the oblique stem; '''kóttiin''' ''of [the] cats''; | |||
* When followed by another suffix beginning with a vowel, it is marked by the addition of '''-j-''' to the oblique stem; '''kóttijin''' ''into the cats''. |
Revision as of 06:34, 7 October 2007
Velyan is one of the two main classical languages of the continent Pellargos, on the planet Máa. Máa is an alternate Earth planet.
Phonology
Vowels
There are 12 vowels, each of which can be short or long.
Vowels | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||||||
High | i | y | u | |||||||
Near-high | ||||||||||
High-mid | e | ø | o | |||||||
Mid | ə | |||||||||
Low-mid | ɛ | œ | ɔ | |||||||
Near-low | æ | |||||||||
Low | a |
Consonants
Consonants | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||||||||
Palatalised Nasal | mʲ | nʲ | ŋʲ | |||||||||||||||
Labialised Nasal | mʷ | nʷ | ɲʷ | ŋʷ | ||||||||||||||
Plosive | p (b) | t (d) | c (ɟ) | k (g) | q (ɢ) | |||||||||||||
Aspirated Plosive | pʰ (bʰ) | tʰ (dʰ) | kʰ (gʰ) | qʰ (ɢʰ) | ||||||||||||||
Palatalised Plosive | pʲ (bʲ) | tʲ (dʲ) | kʲ (gʲ) | (qʲ) (ɢʲ) | ||||||||||||||
Labialised Plosive | pʷ (bʷ) | tʷ (dʷ) | cʷ (ɟʷ) | kʷ (gʷ) | qʷ (ɢʷ) | |||||||||||||
Fricative | s (z) | (ʃ) (ʒ) | (x) | h | ||||||||||||||
Palatalised Fricative | sʲ (zʲ) | ʃʲ (ʒʲ) | (xʲ) | (hʲ) | ||||||||||||||
Labialised Fricative | sʷ (zʷ) | ʃʷ (ʒʷ) | (xʲ) | (hʷ) | ||||||||||||||
Approximant | ʋ | ʍ | ð | j | ||||||||||||||
Palatalised Approximant | ʋʲ | ðʲ | ||||||||||||||||
Labialised Approximant | ðʷ | |||||||||||||||||
Trill | rː | |||||||||||||||||
Aspirated Trill | rːʰ | |||||||||||||||||
Palatalised Trill | rːʲ | |||||||||||||||||
Labialised Trill | rːʷ | |||||||||||||||||
Flap | ɾ | |||||||||||||||||
Aspirated Flap | ɾʰ | |||||||||||||||||
Palatalised Flap | ɾʲ | |||||||||||||||||
Labialised Flap | ɾʷ | |||||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | ʎ | ||||||||||||||||
Palatalised Lateral Approximant | lʲ | |||||||||||||||||
Labialised Lateral Approximant | lʷ |
Vowel harmony
Consonant Gradation
The phenomenon of consonant gradation arises due to a restriction in Velyan words, that prohibits a "strong" syllable from ending in a consonant. A strong syllable is a syllable that begins with a consonant and is preceded by another ending in (at least) one consonant. When this happens, the consonant or cluster at the beginning of the final syllable undergoes lenition or softening (although it can be historically explained as a process of fortition or hardening).
The following changes occur as a result of consonant gradation:
- Geminate phonemes change to simplex ones, e.g. tt -> t, rr -> r, ss -> s.
- w disappears and labialises the preceding consonant.
- j disappears and palatalises the preceding consonant.
- ḣ disappears and aspirates the preceding consonant.
Clusters change as follows:
- Nasals:
- Nasal + voiceless plosive changes to nasal + voiced plosive, e.g. mp -> mb, nt -> nd (or nð)
- Nasal + voiced plosive changes to geminate nasal, e.g. mb -> mm, nd -> nn, ŋg -> ŋŋ
- Liquids:
- lt -> ld (or lð)
- ld -> ll
- lp -> lv
- lkU -> lv
- rkU -> rv
- lkI -> lj
- rkI -> lj
- Consonant clusters beginning with s:
- sp -> sv
- st -> *sr -> rs
- sk -> ss
- Consonant clusters ending with s:
- ps -> *vs -> sv
- ts -> rs
- ks -> sy
- Simplex consonants
- t -> r (or ð)
- p -> v
- k -> Ø
- iki -> iji
- -UkU -> UvU
- v -> w
Orthography
Below is a table of the IPA sounds of Velyan, with transcription.
IPA | Letter | IPA | Letter |
---|---|---|---|
a | a | ŋ | ŋ |
æ | ä | o | o |
b | b | ø | ö |
c | c | ᴐ | ᴐ |
d | d | œ | œ |
e | e | p | p |
ə | ə | q | q |
ɛ | ɛ | ɾ | r |
g | g | rː | rr |
ɢ | ɠ | s | s |
h | ḣ | ʃ | š |
i | i | t | t |
j | j | u | u |
k | k | ʋ | v |
l | l | ʍ | w |
ʎ | ll | y | ÿ |
m | m | z | z |
n | n | ʒ | ž |
ɲ | ñ |
Notes:
- Long vowels and geminate consonants are written double, e.g. aa, cc, except for /lː/, which is written l·l to avoid confusion with /ʎ/, written ll.
- Palatalised, labialised, and aspirated consonants, and tone marks, are not shown. These are explained below.
Marking Aspiration, Labialisation, and Palatalisation
- Palatalisation is marked by writing a y (without a diaeresis) after the letter, except at the end of a word or before another consonant or ÿ, when it is marked by writing '.
- Labialisation is marked by writing ʍ after the letter.
- Aspiration is marked by writing h (without a dot) after the letter.
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns in Velyan are divided into noun classes and inflect for number, case, possessor, destination and deixis. Suffixes (there are no prefixes or infixes in Velyan) are added to the noun, or (more often) to the oblique stem.
Noun Classes
There are several noun classes in Velyan, reflecting the division of nouns into several semantic categories. The noun classes are added to a notional form of the noun known as the base. In some cases, the base of a noun ends in one of the letters l, n, r, s, t,
Stems
Number
The singular is unmarked, as in English: kótti cat. The plural is formed in three ways:
- When not followed by another suffix, it is marked by the addition of -t to the oblique stem: kóttit cats;
- When followed by another suffix beginning with a consonant, it is marked by the addition of -i- to the oblique stem; kóttiin of [the] cats;
- When followed by another suffix beginning with a vowel, it is marked by the addition of -j- to the oblique stem; kóttijin into the cats.