Classical Diūn

Also know as Djuun, Dyuun, Classical Djūn. Intellectual Property of Samuel Martinez also known as "Mezzo" and "Sæm"

Classical Djūn
Spoken in:	Djūn City-States
Time Period:	200 BNH - 200 NH(200 AD - 600 AD)
Total speakers:	extinct
Genealogical classification:	Proto-Djūn   Classical Djūn
Basic word order:	SOV
Morphological type:	semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment:	Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Samuel Martinez	2007-

Phonology

Plosive /p b t d t` d` k g/ /p b t d ʈ ɖ k g/ <p b t d th dh c,k g>

Nasal /m n n`/ /m n ɳ/ <m n nh>

Fricative /f v s z s` z` h/ /f v s z ʂ ʐ h/ <f,ph v,bh s z sh zh h>

Affricate /ts tS/ /ts tʃ/ <cc,ċ ch>

Approximant /r\ j/ /ɹ j/ <r j,y>

Lateral Approximant /l/ /l/ <l>

Close /i: u:/ /i: u:/ <ī,ȳ ū>

Close Lax /I U/ /ɪ ʊ/ <i,y u>

Close-Mid /e: o:/ /e: o:/ <ē ō>

Mid Lax /@/ /ə/<ë>

Open-Mid /E O/ /ɛ ɔ/ <e o>

Open Lax /{:/ /æ:/ <ā>

Open /A/ /ɑ/ <a>

short /I U E O A/ <i,y u e o a>

long /i u e o {/ <ī,ȳ ū ē ō ā>

neutral /@/ <ë>

Diphthongs /OI aI aU/ <oi ai au>

*Some more conservative dialects retained /Y y/ <y ȳ>

Syllable Structure

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CV(C)

Stress is on the first syllable

Allophones

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All plosives become aspirated at the end of a word

[N] occurs at the end of words as an allophone of /n/

[J] occurs as an allophone of /n/ word medial

[dZ] is an allophone of /g/ that occures medially

[T] is an allophone of /t/ between two vowels

[D] is an allophone of /d/ between two vowels

Phonotactics

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No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

No consonant clusters involving nasals

The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

There can be no double vowels sounds. vowels are either between two consonants or are diphthongs.

Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives /f v s z h/.

/r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word

Morphology

Djūn nouns are inflected for case and whether the noun carrys the definite article or not

Djūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.

the suffix -(ō)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.

Example:

Vinidōm va cīdjī mū

Boy.PLUR-ERG 2PS.ABS have.3P future-particle

Boys will have you

the infix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the ergative suffix and after the root.

The suffix (though not present in the above sentence) -(ō)n marks that the root carries the definite article. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked. So our above sentence could be translated as "The Boys will have you" or "Boys will have you" depending on context.

The Djūn pronouns are as follows

________ERG_____ABS_____REFLEXIVE

1PS_____Tja_____Toi_____Tjī

1PP_____Nō______Bai_____Noi

2PS_____Vō______Va______Voi

2PP_____Djō_____Na______Djoi

3PMS____Cī______Ga______Coi

3PFS____Hō______Cā______Hoi

3PP_____Pē______Nī______Poi

Djūn Verbs are inflected for person and in one case (the participle) for tense. The Djūn tenses ( past and future) are expressed by separate morphemes. The Present does not need a separate morpheme unless forming the present participle.

infinitive: root -en

participle: -is + nōmen inflected for person

1st Person: -(h)ō

2nd Person: -(h)a

3rd Person: -(h)ī

All-Persons Plural: -(h)ē

The tense morphemes are as follows

mō: past morpheme

mī: present morpheme (only required in participle constructions)

mū: future morpheme

Tense morphemes follow the verb

Examples

1PS: 1 Person Singular

ERG: Ergative

ABS: Absolutive

1P: 1st Person

inf: infinitive

part: Participle

(past,present,future-)tnsmrph: tense morpheme

Tja ga hadō sōnen

1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-1P can-inf

I can do it

Tja ga hadis nōmō mī

1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph

I am doing it

Tja ga hadis nōmō mō

1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph

I was doing it

Tja ga hadis nōmō mū

1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph

I will be doing it

Tja cā phīhō

1PS.ERG 3PFS.ABS to-love-1P

I love her

Hō toi phīhī

3PFS.ERG 1PS.ABS to-love-3P

She loves me

Vō cā phīha

2PS.ERG 3PFS.ABS to-love-2P

You love her

You probably get it now...

Adjectives take the ending -(h)(i)v. This is remnant of Proto-Djūn's fully inflected Adjectives

Toidën vōv pōv' nōmī

Man.def. medium.adj here.ABS to-be.3P

The medium (sized) man is here

Syntax

Djūn has Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order by default.

The Djūn verbal moods are:

Subject-Object-Verb - indictive

Verb-Object-Subject - question

Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive

Verb-Object-Subject - command, -īm suffix is added to the verb which is not inflected

Examples

Tja va phīhō.

I love you

Phīhō va tja?

Do I love you

Cī phīhī va...

should he love you...

Phīhenīm va cī!

Love him!

The Adjective follows the noun it modifies. The Adverb also follows the verb it modifies.

Djūn uses postpositions unlike English which uses prepositions. So "In the house" would be "the house in"

Because there is no Genitive case in Djūn, Djūn uses the post position "hē" (of) to show possesion.

Example:

Zomūn toi hē

Wolf.ABS 1PS.ABS of

My wolf

Cī zomūn toi hē nōmī

3PMS.ERG wolf.ABS 1PS.ABS of to-be-3P

It/He is my wolf

The Restrictive Clause

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The Restrictive Clause is formed by using the word "vis" (that)

Toi vīnō vis Vō toi phīha

I know that you love me

The construction "I know you love me" is impossible unlike in English

Reflexiveness

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