Uínlīta

The Norse Territory of Finla (Finlaesk Nódbᵫ́ð Fínlǣ /noːdbyːð viːnlæ̃/, Rygsnors Norsjobygd Vínlan) was first established around 1000CE in what is nathistorically the northern tip of Newfoundland. The original name Vínland applied to a loosely-defined region centered on the first small settlement at the modern capital Bǽnnfekk /baːnvek/ (orig. Bjarnivík). By 1100CE, Bjarnivík was well established as a self-sustaining permenent settlement, and the borders of Vínland were fairly well-defined.

Internal Geopolitics

States

Finla is subdivided into the states of Fínlǣ "proper", Mákklǣ /mɑːklæ̃/, Œlulǣ /ølulæ̃/, and Hrǽlīlǣ /ɹ̥aːlĩlã/ (or Hlǽllitt Nunátt /ɬaːl:it nunɑːt/).

Government

Finla is a Norse Territory, and shares the usual division of power between the Federal Rigssál (in Goððēbúg), and a Territorial Rigssál located in Bǽnnfekk.

Languages

The official language of government (as in the rest of the Norse Lands) is Rygsnors (Finlaesk Rᵫgsnód).

The majority language is Finlaesk.

Additional minority languages include Hibernic, Bœ́wðukk, Hrǽlisk (or Hlǽktittútt), English, Norn, and Scots.

Fínlǣra Ethnographical Questionnaire

Dr. Zahar’s Ethnographical Questionnaire was compiled by David Zahir to help in the description of concultures, and can be found in the files section of the Conculture group at Yahoo.

Questions of Place

Describe the geography of where your society calls home.

The North-eastern portion of the North American continent. Plains, islands, river basins, mountains, verdant fields and forest, and inhositable frozen wastes.

Describe the climate your society deals with. How severe are their seasons?

Arctic, Temperate and Alpine climates. Types Dfa, Dfb, ETf, and EF.

What kinds of natural disasters has this society gotten used to?

Variably severe winters, up to very severe. Occasional tropical storm and hurricane remnants. Nor'easter storm systems. Blizzards. Flooding in some areas.

What are the most commonly-grown foods?

Wheat (hwettj), oats, barley (bᵫg), beans, various summer and winter squash (kuttassk), various leafy greens, various roots & tubers, honey (mélᵫ), apples (æplr), cranberries, maple (mœ́ðdfᵫ́ðᵫ) syrup, tobacco (tabakko).

Grains are most commonly used to make flatbreads, sourdough breads, soda breads, and beer, but the use of grains as flour and meal to make porridges and puddings, and to add body to other foods is well known.

Boiled-down "candy" from honey or maple syrup are regarded as tasty but extravagant, except in packing for long journeys, where the reduced mass and increased energy density is seen as preferable to the extra work involved and loss of taste and substance.

What are the most commonly-eaten meats?

Beef, buffalo, horse, mutton, pork, seal, whale, turkey, duck, goose, crab, lobster, and various fishes. Marrow, organ meats, and other non-meat parts are eaten, especially in sausage or pemmican.

Food prepration and preservation

Most food is boiled, baked, pan-fried or deep-fried over or on a fireplace, or slow-cooked in glowing embers. Grilling on a grate or grid over flames or embers is considered wasteful, unless food is more plentiful than fuel.

The use of stocks as a basis for soups and stews is known, though their advance preparation and storage is unknown: stock is usually made overnight or for a longer period, in advance of a planned meal, before being strained over fried ingredients, and then baked or boiled, in a kind of osso bucco technique. The solids from the stockmaking process are usually used as animal food, but can be seen as an acceptable food in tight circumstances (though stockmaking is unlikely in such circumstances).

Hot and cold smoking are known as preservation methods, as well as wet or dry curing in nitrate, nitrite, salt, honey, and/or maple syrup based solutions. Sasuage-making, in particular, is popular, with pure meats, or meats with grain (whole, meal, or flour) as a filler. Both fresh and dry sausages are known. Various kinds of pemmican are known and made.

What forms of alcohol are common? Rare?

Sourdough starters are often used to make Mead (mœðu, made from honey, and often fresh or dried fruits, herbs and spices), and beer (állu, made from wheat, barley, malt and honey), which are both very common. Hard cider is surprisingly uncommon, but not unknown, especially in closer regions and times, where/when a concoction that is essentially mulled cider is fairly widely available, for the right price.

Ice distillation is the most common method of producing strong spirits, but heat distillation in copper stills is known. Wiskkepæw (distilled from beer mash) and Mœðupœw (distilled from mead mash) are both known, but less common then beer and mead. Hwettjipæw is a kind of un-aged spirit distilled from wheat, used as a drink (mainly to fortify other drinks, but also alone), a medicine, and a fuel (often as an accellerant for fat and tallow-based fuels). Wine (fínu) is uncommon, to the point where the Christian sacrament is often provided as mead.

Ækkfævítt is imported from Norse Europe, and is definitely considered a delicacy. There is not much call for vodka or gin, given the ready availability of hwettjipæw as a neutral spirit.

Is there usually enough food and water for the population?

Barring severe winters, when populations have been known to migrate anyway, yes.

What is this place's most abundant resource?

Snow.

What is its most valuable resource?

The most important exports are wood, furs, tobacco.

Are the borders secure? In what way?

Though borders are fairly well defined, border security mostly consists of loose treaties, or the areas beyond the borders being uninhabited.

Questions of Time

How far back does this society's written history go?

Old Norse writings go back to c. 600CE. The first colony goes back to c. 1000CE.

How far back do its people believe it goes?

c. 1000CE.

Questions of Sex and Family

How many spouses may a man or woman have?

Zero or One.

Who decides on a marriage?

A couple may declare themselves married. Church recognition is very common.

Can a marriage end in divorce? How?

A couple may mutually declare their marriage over. Church recognition is required.

Who usually takes custody of children if a marriage ends for some reason?

The mother rejoins her parental household, bringing the children with her, unless teenaged children prefer to stay with their father.

How are families named? What happens to orphans?

Males take a patronymic of the form "Son of father". Females take a matronymic that mentions the father, in the form "Daughter of mother by father", though the "by father" part is omitted except in formal circumstances. Individuals may also take an Attributive name (a Hlǽlnamr) based on their profession, build, demeanor, or other factor, and the Hlǽlnamr of their father (and mother) may be included in formal documents, and may even go by their Hlǽlnamr instead of their given name.

Are premarital relations allowed?

Yes.

How does your society define incest? Rape? How do people react to these?

Rape is a common practice among unmarried warriors as part of the captive-taking process, and essentially makes the victim an adopted member of the captor's household. For married men, it is seen as dishonourable, though acceptable at least among the followers of the Æssri (as opposed to Christians).

Rape of people not taken in battle is considered a violation of the peace and is dealt with by measures ranging from branding to emasculation.

Incest between a parent and their nonadult children is treated just as any other relationship with children -- in case of a complaint (regardless of the complainer), the child is taken into private sessions with the crown proxy or deputy (who may interview others as part of the process) to determine which punishment if any is appropriate.

Incest between other adult relatives is uncommon, and definitely markedly unusual, but generally little more than frowned upon. Indeed, incest as a measure to keep a well-regarded family line pure can be seen as admirable.

How do the genders dress?

Both sexes dress in a mixture of skins, furs, and woollen clothing. In more northerly regions, dress is uniform between the sexes, at least outdoors, being boots, pants and a hooded jacket made of skin & fur, over woollen clothing. In other places, clothing ranges from as little as a skin loincloth (common only during hunting in warmer conditions), up to kilts, skirts, pants, shirts & tunics, with either light moccasins or boots.

What professions or activities are considered masculine?

Warrior, sailor, hunter, farmer, tradesman, teacher, poet, storyteller, Christian priest, odatte (heathen priest), furrier, woodsmith, metalsmith, and other "heavy" crafts.

What professions or activities are viewed as feminine?

Hunter, tradesman, teacher, poet, odattra (heathen preiestess), furrier, seamstress, weaver, baker, cook, woodsmith, and "light" crafts. Female warriors are very rare, but can be highly regarded (even moreso than male warriors) if they perform many fameworthy deeds.

Does this society connect the ideas of marriage with love?

Yes.

Questions of Manners

What does this society do with their corpses?

The Christian method is underground burial or private cremation.

The heathen method is burial underground or in a mound-tomb, public cremation, or leaving the body in a remote spot or charnel house to decompose naturally, possibly followed by burial in a mound-tomb.

What kinds of jewelry do people wear? And when?

Jewelry is usually minmal -- cloaks, coats, or capes may be bound by an ornate broach or clasp, protective or decorative necklaces are fairly common, either bearing Christian or heathen symbols plus possibly a prayer or spell on a stone, or on paper in a small bag.

Piercings and tattoos are known, as is the use of decorative or practical face-painting.

Questions of Faith

Is there a formal clergy? How are they organized?

The Christian Church is part of the Northern section of The Church Catholic.

The local heathen beliefs combine the traditional Æsir-based religion with symbols and rituals shared with the Native American population to a greater or lesser extend.

Heathenism is officially discouraged by the crown (and cathedral) at Gothenburg, but generally tolerated by the local population more than in Norse Europe.

What do people believe happens to them after death? How, if at all, can they influence this?

The belief in positive and negative afterlives is common between Christianity and Heathenism, as well as the chance of an afterdeath redemptive period to move from the negative to the positive afterlife.

What happens to those who disagree with the majority on questions of religion?

They are generally well-tolerated. Heresy within Christanity is loooked on more harshly than heathenism, but neither are considered criminal.

What are the most popular rituals or festivals?

Júl, celebrated around the Winter Solstice is considered a standard opportunity for Christians and heathens to join together in celebrating birth and a new beginning.

What supernatural events/beings do people fear?

Œtunnar are unified within Christianity and heathenism as malevolent nonhumans, and enemies of God / the gods.

Questions of Government

Who decides whether someone has broken a law? How?

Complaints are taken to the justice (either the Crown Proxy in Bǽnfekk, or a Deputy locally), who will privately interview the victim (and accuser, if distinct), and any others they feel are relevant, as well as collecting and examining physical evidence, before enacting summary judgement, or calling for a jury trial, during which the justice and jury will publically question witnesses called themselves, or by the accuser or accused (or their advocates), who may also ask questions of their own. The justice and jury may also call their own expert witnesses to examine and discuss physical evidence and the plausibility of factual assertations made by either side.

The jury will pronounce a guilty or not-guilty verdict based on the factuality of the alleged act, whether the accused committed the act, and whether the accused is mentally or legally culpable for committing the act, and may even find that a criminal act, comitted with culpable criminal intent, was just and reasonable, and therefore return a not guilty verdict. Once a verdict is decided, the justice will decide on a punishment, based on Crown guidelines, the advice of the jury, and any petitions made by any third party.

Trials in absentia are possible, where the accused has mandatory competent representation, which may be decided by their family, or appointed by the justice.

What kinds of punishments are meted out? By whom? Why?

Fines, imprisonment (with a variety of severities), corporal punishment (even torture), capital punishment, disfigurement / amputation (including emasculation), branding, and indentured servitude (as restitution) are all more or less common.

How are people executed?

Drowning, hanging, and beheading are the most common, but the oubliette is also known, and several of the "old ways" have been known in heavily heathen cases / areas/

Is bribery allowed? Under what circumstances?

Any jury verdict and decided punishment can be short-cut by a private agreement between the accuser and accused, which may include money, indentured servitude, or a gift of one or more captive(s).

Questions of Education

Does this society have its own language? Its own writing?

Yes.

How common is literacy? How is literacy viewed?

Basic (or better) litereacy is the same as in any modern country, which is to say above 75%, with less then half of that group having advanced literacy.

Questions of Art

What are the favorite artforms?

Songs, stories and poems, and bas relief sculpture, sometimes colored.

How respected are artists?

Highly.

How might a very successful artist live?

Often as part of the household of an important family.

How do people react to tattoos? Piercings? Facial hair? Make-up?

Positively.

Questions of sex and marriage

Is sex confined to marriage?

No.

Or, is it supposed to be?

Among Christians it is strongly preferred.

What constitutes aberrant behavior?

Sexual behavior with a child or animal. Sexual behavior in the presence of children. Sex with or marriage to any foreigner who is not a freed captive.

How old should someone be in your culture to be having sex?

Generally, cases of consensual sex invloving a victim who is visibly pubescent will not be prosecuted.

Do relationships allow multiple partners?

Captives (male or female) may be taken as concubines of any adult members of a household.

Questions of Law, Justice and Police

What is the role of police informants, if any?

The practice of "cutting a deal" and "copping a plea" are unknown within official law and common practice, though deals can be cut "behind closed doors" in exceptional circumstances.