Classical Arithide adpositions

Due to the extensive inflectionary marking in Classical Arithide, the number of adpositions in common use is very few, although for purposes of scansion, some archaic ones can still be seen in poetry, sometimes in redundancy; the adpositions were revived, however, in Modern Arithide, as postpositions.

Appendent adpositions

The appendent adpositions (or postpositions), so called because they are appended to the connective case of nouns, are in more widespread use than the standalone prepositions. Forming discrete nouns from the root which carry specific positional or lative denotations, they include the following common ones:

• ānos, ān temporal locative, not added to nouns denoting time; this effectively makes a new noun, which is then declined accordingly
  • Taitiān natāno medeae. When it is night we shall wait for it to be day (lit. for daytime). (Casubus)
  • Filān eiēs nis obissimna. His wine disappears when he is with his friends (lit. when friend-time).
  • Serrānis syndrēs itor evta. The sins of power (lit. of when powerful) reveal the man.
• dolos, dolō "around"
  • Alladolō siethē sena. There are flowers around (surrounding) the city.
• innos, innum "top"
  • Epsolinnum lārēs sena. There is a clock on (top of the) building.
  • cf. Epsolum lārēs sena. There is a clock on (the face of etc. but not the top of) the building.
• iros, irae "towards"
  • Fēnus kirirae abulae! (We) will march towards the abode of the gods! (Haratus, Orations)
• iros, iri "within, inside" (inessive marker)
  • Sitin roimiri kithiri flēgos faeos pēda. "In this frail body there lies a robust mind." (Haratus, Orations)
• isos, isae "against, counter"
  • Kodherisae sōpedēs solmē tōgite. The soldiers fought bitterly against the enemy.
• stera, strera "beside"
  • Savlutē orestrera rodēor arifti. Grass grows better beside a river. (Proverb)
• tandos, tandum below"
  • Saluntandum augulē soni. (We) live meagrely under the heavens. (Pladisian, Verses)

In each of the above cases appending the noun form of the adposition forms an adpositional noun that is usually a circumlocution of another noun (e.g. saluntandos "the place under the heavens", instead of saluntandum, is an alternative of halagos "earth, the mortal world").

Standalone adpositions

Most standalone adpositions govern a designated case or several designated cases; the latter situation indicates multiple, usually related, meanings canvassed under the preposition concerned.

• ansa + accusative "before (adverbial)"²

• • Ōssi ansa dōno eneōne. She had hoped that her son would return before she dies. (i.e. she is still living, but has given up)
  • cf. Ōssi ansa dōn eneōne. She had hoped that her son would return before he died. (i.e. son still living, but she has given up)
• ansa + temporal locative ablative (see next section) "before (independent)"²

• • Ōssirānōn ansa dōno eneōne. Before she died, she had hoped that her son would return. (i.e. she is dead)
  • cf. Ōssirānōn ansa dōn eneōne. Before he died, she had hoped that her son would return. (i.e. son is dead)
• dolō + ablative "around"
  • Dolō allior siethē sena. There are flowers all about the city. (See also the next section.)
• etel + ablative "by (agentive)"
  • Etel nossavī pitōn durosta. (They) were planted by a man whom we do not know.
• etel + instrumental "with (accompaniment)"
  • Etel filetis euris vagate. (He) had gone to the park with his/a friend.
• paro or par + ablative "about, regarding"
  • Par kossināt zierrēn nam dialōn fēnus segera. Of humans who have fallen (lit. fallen humans) and the rise of the gods (I) write. (Daldaian the Younger, Songs)
• syba + accusative "after (adverbial)"²

• • Leidoro syba fādou dōno Tētio te illossa. The father wants to name his son "Tētios" after he is born.
• syba + temporal locative ablative (see next section) "after (independent)"²

• • Leidorānōn syba okkor assiera kurrebimna. Since he was born (lit. since birth) he has always quarrelled with his sister.
• te + accusative direct quotation particle
  • Leidoro syba fādou dōno Tētio te illossa. The father wants to name his son "Tētios" after he is born.

²

The difference between the adverbial and the independent variants of these clauses is that the latter must refer only to the subject of the sentence, while the former can apply to either the subject or the object, or both, if so desired.  

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