Mabri: Difference between revisions

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=Writing System=
=Sounds=
The writing system of mabri is '''logosyllabic''' (i. e., it is both '''logographic''' and '''syllabic'''). Each syllable represents a distinct '''morpheme''' and is uniquely written with a '''grapheme'''.
==Vowels==


==Romanization==
Mabri has five phonemic vowels, transcribed as <a>, <e>, &lt;i>, <o>, and &lt;u>. In an unstressed position, their phonetic realizations are respectively [ɐ], [e], [i], [o] and [u]. When stressed, at the end of verbs, they are nasalized: [ɐ̃], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ] and [ũ]. When stressed, elsewhere, they are pronounced as follows: [a], [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] and [u].
The transcription into the Latin alphabet is straightforward. The phonemes are generally transcribed as pronounced. The exceptions are <j>, <x> and <y>, which correspond to /ʒ/, /ʃ/ and /j/, respectively. The letter <r> is usually pronounced as a tap [ɾ].


Recently, the transcription system has gone through a minor reform. Former <sh> is now written <x> and former <ch> is now written <tx>.
<table width="300px">
 
  <tr>
The <n> at the end of the words marks that the previous vowel is nasal, as explained in Phonotactics.
      <td>Phoneme</td>
 
      <td>Stressed (non-V)</td>
=Sounds=
      <td>Unstressed</td>
==Phoneme Inventory==
      <td>Stressed (V)</td>
 
  </tr>
===Consonants===
  <tr>
      <td>/a/</td>
      <td>a</td>
      <td>ɐ</td>
      <td>ɐ̃</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/e/</td>
      <td>ɛ</td>
      <td>e</td>
      <td>ẽ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/i/</td>
      <td>i</td>
      <td>i</td>
      <td>ĩ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/o/</td>
      <td>ɔ</td>
      <td>o</td>
      <td>õ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/u/</td>
      <td>u</td>
      <td>u</td>
      <td>ũ</td>
  </tr>
</table>
==Consonants==
This is the consonantal system of mabri.
This is the consonantal system of mabri.


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       <td></td>
       <td></td>
   </tr></table>
   </tr></table>
===Vowels===
Mabri has five phonemic vowels, transcribed as <a>, <e>, &lt;i>, <o>, and &lt;u>. In an unstressed position, their phonetic realizations are respectively [ɐ], [e], [i], [o] and [u]. When stressed, at the end of verbs, they are nasalized: [ɐ̃], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ] and [ũ]. When stressed, elsewhere, they are pronounced as follows: [a], [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] and [u].
<table width="300px">
  <tr>
      <td>Phoneme</td>
      <td>Stressed (non-V)</td>
      <td>Unstressed</td>
      <td>Stressed (V)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/a/</td>
      <td>a</td>
      <td>ɐ</td>
      <td>ɐ̃</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/e/</td>
      <td>ɛ</td>
      <td>e</td>
      <td>ẽ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/i/</td>
      <td>i</td>
      <td>i</td>
      <td>ĩ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/o/</td>
      <td>ɔ</td>
      <td>o</td>
      <td>õ</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
      <td>/u/</td>
      <td>u</td>
      <td>u</td>
      <td>ũ</td>
  </tr>
</table>


==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
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*Larger words (hyphenated words) are multiply stressed, each part according to the rules above.
*Larger words (hyphenated words) are multiply stressed, each part according to the rules above.


=Morphology=
=Grammar=
Words in Mabri can be roughly divided in 4 main groups: verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions.
Words in Mabri can be roughly divided in 4 main groups: verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions.
==Verbs==
==Word order==
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
==Counters==
==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
==Verbs==
===Aspect===
==Adverbs==
==Prepositions==
==Prepositions==
==Conjunctions==
==Dependent clauses==
===Subject and object clauses===
===The prefix "ju"===
===Relative clauses===
===Adverbial clauses===
==Word formation==
===Composition===
===Derivation===
=Writing System=
The writing system of mabri is '''logosyllabic''' (i. e., it is both '''logographic''' and '''syllabic'''). Each syllable represents a distinct '''morpheme''' and is uniquely written with a '''grapheme'''.


==Word Formation==
The transcription into the Latin alphabet is straightforward. The phonemes are generally transcribed as pronounced. The exceptions are <j>, <x> and <y>, which correspond to /ʒ/, /ʃ/ and /j/, respectively. The letter <r> is usually pronounced as a tap [ɾ].
===Nominalization===
====from the subject====
Examples:


bro, to, mu (friend, male, animal)
Recently, the transcription system has gone through a minor reform. Former <sh> is now written <x> and former <ch> is now written <tx>.


bron, ton, mun (is a friend, is male, is an animal)
The <n> at the end of the words marks that the previous vowel is nasal, as explained in Phonotactics.
 
txabro, txato, txamu (friendship, maleness, animal nature)
 
====from the object====
Examples:
 
ko, ha, je (food, house, clothing)
 
kon, han, jen (eats, dwells, wears)
 
txako, txaha, txaje (ingestion, inhabitation, wearing)
 
lyeko, lyeha, lyeje (eater, dweller, wearer)
 
====from the verb====
Examples:
me, re, lyu (vision, thinking, similarity)
 
men, ren, lyun (sees, thinks, is similar)
 
lyeme, lyere, lyelyu (seer, thinker, something similar)
 
kime, kire, kilyu* (something seen, idea, something similar)
 
* kilyu is synonymous to lyelyu
 
=Syntax=

Revision as of 19:19, 6 January 2007

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Sounds

Vowels

Mabri has five phonemic vowels, transcribed as <a>, <e>, <i>, <o>, and <u>. In an unstressed position, their phonetic realizations are respectively [ɐ], [e], [i], [o] and [u]. When stressed, at the end of verbs, they are nasalized: [ɐ̃], [ẽ], [ĩ], [õ] and [ũ]. When stressed, elsewhere, they are pronounced as follows: [a], [ɛ], [i], [ɔ] and [u].

Phoneme Stressed (non-V) Unstressed Stressed (V)
/a/ a ɐ ɐ̃
/e/ ɛ e ẽ
/i/ i i ĩ
/o/ ɔ o õ
/u/ u u ũ

Consonants

This is the consonantal system of mabri.

Bilabial Labiodental Labiovelar Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Plosive p b t d k g
Affricate tx, dj
Fricative f v s z x, j h
Approximant w y
Tap r
Lat. Approx. l

Phonotactics

The syllable structure in Mabri is (C)(C)V. Syllables like a, re and pwi are valid. Syllables have phonemically no coda, although a written "n" appears at the end of verbs. This final "n" indicates that the previous vowel is nasal and is not always pronounced. An epenthetic [m], [n], [ɱ] or [ŋ] will appear, however, if the next word begins with b/p, d/t/z/s/dj/tx/j/x, v/f and g/k, respectively.

Examples:

Kaze txin ha. ['kaze tʃĩ ha]

Mu men taze. ['kaze mẽn 'taze]

Mya kon frugyo. [mja kõɱ 'fɾugjo]

Fa gran bla. [fa gɾɐ̃m bla]

Ladjo yan katxi. ['ladʒo jɐ̃ŋ 'katʃi]

Word Stress

  • Monosyllabic prepositions, such as ga and po, are unstressed. Their pronunciations are therefore [gɐ] and [po] (and not [ga] or [pɔ]).
  • All the other monosyllabic words are stressed: ka, lo, ban, de ([ka], [lɔ], [bɐ̃], [dɛ]).
  • Disyllabic verbs are stressed on the last syllable: latxin, kyofan, broton ([lɐ'tʃĩ], [kjo'fɐ̃], [bɾo'tõ]).
  • All the other disyllabic words are stressed on the first syllable: latxi, kyofa, broto (['latʃi], ['kjɔfɐ], ['bɾɔto]).
  • That includes disyllabic prepositions: potxi, gale, polye (['pɔtʃi], ['gale], ['pɔlje]).
  • Larger words (hyphenated words) are multiply stressed, each part according to the rules above.

Grammar

Words in Mabri can be roughly divided in 4 main groups: verbs, nouns, adjectives and prepositions.

Word order

Nouns

Counters

Adjectives

Verbs

Aspect

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Dependent clauses

Subject and object clauses

The prefix "ju"

Relative clauses

Adverbial clauses

Word formation

Composition

Derivation

Writing System

The writing system of mabri is logosyllabic (i. e., it is both logographic and syllabic). Each syllable represents a distinct morpheme and is uniquely written with a grapheme.

The transcription into the Latin alphabet is straightforward. The phonemes are generally transcribed as pronounced. The exceptions are <j>, <x> and <y>, which correspond to /ʒ/, /ʃ/ and /j/, respectively. The letter <r> is usually pronounced as a tap [ɾ].

Recently, the transcription system has gone through a minor reform. Former <sh> is now written <x> and former <ch> is now written <tx>.

The <n> at the end of the words marks that the previous vowel is nasal, as explained in Phonotactics.

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