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| ===[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]=== | | ===[[dal'qörian adjective endings|Adjective endings]]=== |
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| | ===Adjective tense=== |
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| | ===Past tense denoting was/were===== |
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| ====='''Verb-derivative adjectives'''===== | | ===Adjective continuous past==== |
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| In dalqörian, ''Verb-derivative'' adjectives are those which have a 'verbal' relative. If the adjective is derived from an infinitive, it must add the suffix '''ädn:
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| {| border="1"
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| ! verb !! adjective
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| | '''iquir'''-''to like''
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| | '''iquirädn'''-''likeable''
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| | '''döfindr'''-''to afford''
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| | '''döfindrädn'''-''affordable''
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| |}
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| If the past participle of the verb is used as the adjective, this must lose its participle prefix '''gä'''' and again add the suffix '''ädn''':
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| {| border="1"
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| ! past participle !! adjective
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| | '''gä'amár'''-''captivated''
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| | '''amárädn'''-''captivated''
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| | '''gä'lilör'''-''irritated''
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| | '''lilörädn'''-''irritated''
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| |}
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| It's very important to remember this rule with ''past participle adjectives.'' For example, if you were to translate the sentence:
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| ''I am captivated by her looks.''
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| using the participle:
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| '''binä, máriÞ di gesibniel qve siöra, ''gä'amár'''''
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| then this would translate back as:
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| ''I captivated with her looks'''
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| which of course makes no sense. You must use the adjective ending:
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| '''binä, máriÞ di gesibniel qve siöra, ''amárädn'''''.
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| ====='''Noun-related adjectives'''=====
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| These are adjectives that have no verbal relative. These are 'free standing' adjectives, but their respective nouns are formed with the suffix '''ámn''' (note: Where the adjective ends in '''ä''', this is removed):
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| {| border="1"
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| ! adjective !! noun
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| | '''söaviä'''-''romantic
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| | '''söaviámn'''-''romance''
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| | '''sörelbæ'''-''pleasurable''
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| | '''sörelbæámn'''-''pleasure''
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| |}
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| ====='''Non-derivative adjectives'''=====
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| These are simply dalq'örian adjectives that have no specific ending, and no verbal or nounal relative.
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| ===='''Adjective tense'''====
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| ====='''Past tense denoting ''was/were'''''=====
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| dal’qörian has a unique past tense inflection with adjectives. This is because dal’qörian has no literal equivalent of the auxiliary verbs ''was/were'' and the perfect tense ''had been''. This is formed with the prefix '''gé’''' and when used with an adjective, it renders ''was/were'' or ''had been''. Here are some examples: (Note: modifying words like '''disiri'''-''very'', '''disénig'''-''quite'' and '''veclérÞ'''-''really'', always FOLLOW the adjective in the past tense but PRECEDE it in the present and future):
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| * '''sia gé’vélø'''. ''She was nasty''.
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| * '''ädiáda, tiÞ gé’strömi disénig'''. ''It was quite hot yesterday''. (lit: ''Yesterday, it was hot quite'').
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| * '''éren, gé’lenandrädn veclérÞ'''. ''They were really helpful''. (lit: ''They were helpful really'').
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| * '''di ødörämösel gé’vemörädn disiri'''. ''The instructions were very clear''.
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| As you can see, ''was'' or ''were'' is denoted by a singular or a plural noun/pronoun.
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| ====='''Adjective continuous past'''=====
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| Because of the dal'qörian tense system, ambiguity can arise on many occasions if it is not used correctly. Lets look at this example sentence:
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| * ''She has been depressed for a very long time''.
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| The past tense ''has been'' implies that she 'had' become depressed in the past and 'still is'. So the action of being depressed is 'still' on going. However, we cannot literally translate this sentence into dal'qörian because we cannot say ''has been''. A common mistake might be to put the sentence into the ''adjective past tense'':
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| * '''öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri'''. ''She was very depressed for a long time''.
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| This however, would be conveying the wrong message because ''was'' would imply that she is no longer depressed when, in fact, she is. We would only use this tense if we wanted to say:
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| * ''She '''had been''' very depressed for a long time''. (and no is longer)
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| So, for this kind of continuous past formation (with adjectives/adverbs only), where the ‘state’ is still on going, we use the present tense with the preposition '''sintra'''-''since'':
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| * '''sintra tirimiÞ, sia disiri námaroqu'''. (lit: ''Since a long time, she is very depressed''. Translating as: ''She has been depressed for a very long time'').
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| The first part of the sentence tells us that the action had begun in the past; the second part, being in the ''present indicative'', tells us that the action is still on going.
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| '''NOTE''': When stating the ''continuous past'' regarding the ''existential'' position of people or objects, you would normally use the verb '''Þalár'''-''reside''. However, in colloquial dal'qörian, the verb can be omitted:
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| * '''sintra sol qömblel, éren gä’ábraÞalár dérÞ'''. (lit: ''Since six weeks, they have resided here''. Translating as: ''They have been here for six weeks'').
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| ====='''Adjective future tense'''===== | | ====='''Adjective future tense'''===== |
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| In dal'qörian, there are two ways in which the future tense with adjectives can be constructed. Firstly, the verb '''néba'''-''be'' is not used. The verb '''vädenár'''-''become'' is used instead. (see '''Verbs''' for verb inflections):
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| * '''di quádrátsi gä’ságr,, taÞ vonériáda ''vädenáræ'' strömi'''. ''The weather man said it will be hot tomorrow''. (lit: ''The weather man said, that tomorrow '''will become''' hot'').
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| * '''méla diö viti’behalbrädn,, nes siaparenöi ''vädenáræ'' disiri quranöra'''. ''Mummy will be very happy if you behave well''. (lit: ''If you are well behaved, then Mummy '''will become very''' happy'').
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| Again in a colloquial sense (and somewhat idiomatically), you can add the future suffix '''ræ''' to the pronoun '''tiÞ'''-''it'' (or the compound form '''tätiÞ'''-''that it'' when introducing a subordinate clause) and refer the adjective reflexively back to the noun, just like a verb
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| * '''iáda, tiÞræ vélø tiÞöra'''. ''It will be hot today'' (lit: ''Today, it will hot itself'')
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| * '''di quádrátsi gä’ságr, tätiÞræ vonériáda strömi tiÞöra'''. ''The weather man said it will be hot tomorrow.'' (lit: ''The weather man said that it will tomorrow hot itself'').
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| '''NOTE:''' The adverb ''tomorrow'' in the last example must follow the contraction '''tätiÞræ''' as it would normally follow the subordinating conjunction '''taÞ'''.
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| ===='''Attributive and Predicative adjectives'''==== | | ===='''Attributive and Predicative adjectives'''==== |
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| ''Attributive'' adjectives precede the noun they describe. This is the exactly the same in dal'qörian:
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| * '''eÞöa ''sangtörädn'' esteplédrämösel'''. ''Some '''controlled''' explosions''
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| * '''di ''qurnöra'' angaráj'''. ''The '''happy''' child.''
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| * '''di ''ädøni'' sájel'''. ''The '''old''' men.''
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| * '''ni ''qalba'' fléj'''. ''The '''black''' fly.''
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| ''Predicative'' adjectives occur 'after' the noun but not immediately; they follow a verb, (normally a form of the verb to ''be''). Again, this the same in dal'qörian:
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| * '''di arangáj ''tirigör qurnöra''.''' ''The child '''seems happy'''''
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| * '''di iádel ''vädenária te’vélø''.''' ''The days '''are getting colder'''''.
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| However, the adjective must still follow the verb when in conjunction with prepositional word order:
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| * '''di iádel, dörac Vinti, ''vädenária te’vélø''.''' ''The days '''are getting colder''' through the winter''.
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| ===='''Post positive adjectives'''==== | | ===='''Post positive adjectives'''==== |
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| These are adjectives that, in English, immediately follow a noun 'without' a verb, especially in certain institutionalized expressions:
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| * ''the Governor '''General'''''
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| * ''the Princess '''Royal'''''
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| * ''times '''past'''''
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| Post position is obligatory when the adjective modifies a pronoun:
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| * ''something '''useful'''''
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| * ''everyone '''present'''''
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| * ''those '''responsible'''''
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| They are also commonly found together with ''superlative-attributive'' adjectives (although not obligatory):
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| * ''the shortest route '''possible'''''
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| * ''the worst conditions '''imaginable'''''
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| * ''the best hotel '''available'''''
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| In dal'qörian, (with the exception of institutional titles of position), the postpositive adjective is ALWAYS introduced 'after' the noun as a '''taÞ''' clause:
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| * '''di Siasájarega’Lamæa.''' ''The Princess Royal''
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| * '''di Vitihæarátsi’Algemérädn.''' ''The Governor General''
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| but:
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| * '''sáÞ épø, taÞ gä’ábragör'''. ''Times past.'' (lit: ''Those times, that have gone.'')
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| * '''eÞöa, taÞ vosérädn.''' ''Something useful.'' (lit: ''Something, that is useful.'')
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| * '''yetrasáb, taÞ qedérÞ.''' ''Everyone present.'' (lit: ''Everyone, that is present''. Colloquailly, you can use '''eladiö-''you all'').
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| * '''sáÞ, taÞ gé’Þerapönas.''' ''Those (who were) responsible'' (Note here that the dal'qörian example is in the past tense, however the English translation can still be ''those responsible''; tense becoming clear from conext).
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| * '''di te’tiriø vécan, taÞ söcasendras.''' ''The shortest route possible''. (lit: ''The shortest route, that is possible'').
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| * '''di tev’éagöra gasániabödä, taÞ aviablos.''' ''The best hotel available''. (lit: ''The best hotel, that is available'').
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| * '''séÞa te’darø qurnisæ, taÞ minä näocr æmöaÞr.''' ''These are the worst conditions imagineable''. (lit: ''These are the worst conditions that I could imagine'').
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| NOTE: Lets take a look at this last example. There are some adjectives which do not exist in dal'qörian, that are quite common in English. This is because dal'qörian only allows for 'one' adjective to be formed from a verb, thus taking the adjective ending '''ädn'''. However, in English, more than one adjective may be derived from a verb taking either ''able'' or ''ive'' as an ending:
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| {| border="1"
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| ! verb !! adjective 1 !! adjective 2
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| ! to imagine
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| | imaginative || imaginable
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| ! to predict
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| | predictive || predictable
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| ! to describe
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| | descriptive || describable
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| |}
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| Where there are two such adjectives in English, only one of these exists in dal'qörian; that being the ''ave/ive'' equivalent (although there are many verbs in English that only form one or the other eg: to ''seduce'' only forms ''seductive'' as an adjective, and to ''deploy'' only forms ''deployable'' as an adjective, both being rendered in dal'qörian with the ending ''ädn''). So, in order to equate the ''able/ible'' form, you have to ‘verbalize’ the sentence, as in the example.
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| ===='''Inherent and non-inherent adjectives'''==== | | ===='''Inherent and non-inherent adjectives'''==== |
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| Most attributive adjectives denote some ‘attribute’ of the noun which they modify. For instance, the phrase ''a red car'' may be said to denote a car which is red. In fact most adjective-noun sequences such as this can be loosely reformulated in a similar way:
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| * ''an old man-a man who is old''
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| * ''difficult questions-questions that are difficult''
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| * ''round glasses-glasses that are round''
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| This applies equally to postpositive adjectives:
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| * ''something understood-something which is understood''
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| * ''those responsible-those who are/were responsible''
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| In each case the adjective denotes an attribute or quality of the noun, as the reformulations show. Adjectives of this type are known as INHERENT adjectives. The attribute they denote is, as it were, inherent in the noun which they modify. However, not all adjectives are related to the noun in the same way. For example, the adjective ''small'' in ''a small businessman'' does not describe an attribute of the businessman. It cannot be reformulated as ''a businessman who is small''. Instead, it refers to a businessman whose 'business' is small. We refer to adjectives of this type as NON-INHERENT adjectives. They refer less directly to an attribute of the noun than inherent adjectives do. Here are some more examples, showing the contrast between inherent and non-inherent:
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| '''Inherent'''
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| * ''distant hills''
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| * ''a complete chapter''
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| * ''a heavy burden''
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| * ''an old man''
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| '''Non-inherent'''
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| * ''distant relatives''
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| * ''a complete idiot''
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| * ''a heavy smoker''
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| * ''an old friend''
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| Putting the non-inherent adjectives into a clause then changes the meaning all together:
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| * ''relatives who are distant''
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| * ''an idiot who is complete''
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| * ''a smoker who is heavy''
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| * ''a friend who is old''
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| In dal'qörian, attributive adjectives are NEVER used as non-inherent adjectives. This is because, in dal'qörian, almost all attributive adjectives carry only an attributive meaning. For example, to say literally '''ni vätös sécösatrátsi'''-''a heavy smoker'', would imply that the ‘smoker’ was of a ‘heavy stature’ and not that he smoked heavily. Again, the adjectives must be avoided but there are a number of ways in which non-inherent formations can be rendered. One way is to verbalize the sentence and modify it with an adverb that relates to the adjective:
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| * '''mæ vätösas sécösatr'''. ''He smokes heavily''. (see '''Adverbs''' for word order)
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| Although this does not directly describe an attribute of ‘the smoker’ himself, it still describes an attribute of his smoking which, in turn, tells us more about ‘him’.
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| * '''ni qömpal qvéamø di äda-épø.''' ''An old friend'' (lit: ''A friend out of the past'')
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| * '''tev’araciev, binä, máriÞ ni qömpal qvéamø äda épø, vehitøamria.''' '' I'm meeting an old friend later'' (lit: ''Later,I am, with a friend out of the past, meeting'').
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| * '''geræÞ tamlájel.''' ''Distant relatives'' (in dal'qörian, these are known as ''slight relations'')
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| Unfortunately, there is no ’list’ that depicts each and every equivalent of an English non-inherent phrase. Through your learning of dal'qörian, it will become apparent as to which words can be replaced or used, and how sentences can simply be re-formed.
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| ===='''Nominal adjectives'''==== | | ===='''Nominal adjectives'''==== |
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| Certain adjectives are used to denote a class by describing one of the attributes of the class. For example, ''the poor'' denotes a class of people who share a similar financial status. Other nominal adjectives are:
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| * ''the old''
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| * ''the sick''
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| * ''the wealthy''
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| * ''the blind''
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| * ''the innocent''
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| A major subclass of nominal adjectives refers to nationalities:
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| * ''the French''
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| * ''the British''
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| * ''the Japanese''
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| However, not all nationalities have corresponding nominal adjectives. Many of them are denoted by plural, proper nouns:
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| * ''the Germans''
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| * ''the Russians''
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| * ''the Americans''
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| * ''the Poles''
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| Nominal adjectives do not refer exclusively to classes of people. Indeed some of them do not denote classes at all:
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| * ''the opposite''
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| * ''the contrary''
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| * ''the good''
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| Comparative and superlative forms can also be nominal adjectives:
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| * ''The best is yet to come.''
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| * ''The elder of the two.''
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| * ''The greatest of these.''
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| * ''The most important among them.''
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| We refer to all of these types as nominal adjectives because they share some of the characteristics of nouns (hence nominal) and some of the characteristics of adjectives. They have the following nominal characteristics:
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| ː They are preceded by a determiner (usually the definite article ''the'')<br/>ː They can be modified by adjectives (''the gallant French, the unfortunate poor'')<br/>ː They are gradable (''the very old, the extremely wealthy'')<br/>ː Many can take comparative and superlative forms (''the poorer, the poorest'')
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| In dal'qörian, when an adjective is used in a nominal sense, it takes the noun ending '''ämös'''. This 'adds' to those which already end in '''ädn''' and, where a non-inflected adjective ends in a vowel, the vowel is dropped. Exceptions are those which depict nationality, and comparative and superlative forms:
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| * '''di EƒrancaniÞ'''-''the French''
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| * '''di BretæniÞ'''-''the British''
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| * '''di GemæniÞ'''-''the Germans''
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| Now look at this table. The first 4 examples are ''non-inflected'' adjectives (they do not have a verbal or nounal relative). Ending with a vowel, the vowel is removed and the noun ending '''ämös''' is added. The last 3 examples are ''verb-inflected'' adjectives (those derived from an infinitive) in which case the noun ending goes on top of the adjective ending:
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| {| border="1"
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| ! adjective !! nominal adjective form
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| | '''stæni'''-''opposite''
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| | '''di stænämös'''-''the opposite''
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| | '''éagöra'''-''good''
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| | '''di éagörämös'''-''the good''
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| | '''talgresta'''-''guilty''
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| | '''di talgrestämös'''-''the guilty
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| | '''ädøni'''-''old''
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| | '''di ädønämös'''-''the old''
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| ! '''täcélosträdn'''-''injured''
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| | '''di täcélosträdnämös'''-''the injured''
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| | '''stælilangörädn'''-''bald''
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| | '''di stælilangörädnämös'''-''the bald''
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| | '''neÞörädn'''-''brave''
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| | '''di neÞörädnämös'''-''the brave''
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| |}
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| This rule changes with adjectives that have a 'nounal' relative (those where a noun is derived from the adjective, thus taking the ending '''ámn'''). '''ámn''' is removed altogether and replaced with '''ämös''':
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| * '''talgresta'''-''guilty''
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| * '''di talgrestámn'''-''the guilt''
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| BUT
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| * '''di talgrestämös'''-''the guilty''
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| NOTE: You must also try to avoid the mistake of removing '''ädn''' from verb related adjectives when using them in a nominal position. For example, '''di täcélosträdnämös''' means ''the injured'', but if '''ädn''' was omitted, '''di täcélosträmös''' means ''the injury''. Your knowledge of verb related and non-verb related adjectives will be of great importance in understanding this part of dal'qörian grammar.
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| ===='''Resultant adjectives'''==== | | ===='''Resultant adjectives'''==== |
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| These are adjectives that, in English, are placed after the noun they modify and reflects a change that occurs by action of the verb on the noun:
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| * ''She wiped the glass clean''. (The glass was dirty)
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| * ''He painted the fence white.'' (The fence was a different colour before he painted it)
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| If you place the adjectives 'before' the noun, then this changes the meaning altogether:
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| * ''She wiped the clean glass''. (The glass is already clean as she wipes it)
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| * ''He painted the white fence''. (The fence is already white before he paints it)
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| In dal'qörian, a resultant adjective 'immediately follows' the verb, and unlike in English, it 'precedes' a pronoun:
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| * '''sia gä’ipr nørädn di gläj.''' ''She wiped the glass clean'' (lit: ''She wiped clean the glass'')
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| * '''mæ gä’emblär etiri di peremitij.''' ''He painted the fence white.''
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| * '''sia gä’ipr nørädn tiÞ.''' ''She wiped it clean'' (lit: ''She wiped clean it''.)
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| * '''mæ gä’emblär etiri tiÞ.''' ''He painted it white''. (lit: ''He painted white it''.)
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| ==='''Adjectives with prepositions'''=== | | ==='''Adjectives with prepositions'''=== |
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| [[dal'qörian 2|'''Adjectives with prepositions''': click here]]
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