Indo-Malay: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with " == Phonology == {| class="wikitable" ! Manner ↓ / Place → || Labial || Alveolar || Velar || Glottal |- ! Voiceless Stops | '''p''' (ᨄ) || '''t''' (ᨈ) || '''k''' (ᨀ) || '''ʔ''' (ᨕ) |- ! Voiced Stops | '''b''' (ᨅ) || '''d''' (ᨉ) || '''g''' (ᨁ) || — |- ! Nasals | '''m''' (ᨆ) || '''n''' (ᨊ) || '''ŋ''' (ᨍ) || — |- ! Liquids | '''l''' (ᨒ) || '''r''' (ᨑ) || — || — |- ! Glides | '''w''' (ᨓ) || '''j''' (ᨍ) || — || — |- ! Fricatives |...") |
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|- | |- | ||
! Voiced Stops | ! Voiced Stops | ||
| '''b''' (ᨅ) || '''d''' (ᨉ) || '''g''' (ᨁ) || | | '''b''' (ᨅ) || '''d''' (ᨉ) || '''g''' (ᨁ) || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasals | ! Nasals | ||
| '''m''' (ᨆ) || '''n''' (ᨊ) || '''ŋ''' (ᨍ) || | | '''m''' (ᨆ) || '''n''' (ᨊ) || '''ŋ''' (ᨍ) || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Liquids | ! Liquids | ||
| '''l''' (ᨒ) | | || '''l''' (ᨒ) , '''r''' (ᨑ) || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Glides | ! Glides | ||
| '''w''' (ᨓ) || '''j''' (ᨍ) || | | '''w''' (ᨓ) || '''j''' (ᨍ) || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricatives | ! Fricatives | ||
| '''s''' (ᨔ) || | | || '''s''' (ᨔ) || || '''h''' (ᨖ) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 16:11, 28 February 2025
Phonology
| Manner ↓ / Place → | Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless Stops | p (ᨄ) | t (ᨈ) | k (ᨀ) | ʔ (ᨕ) |
| Voiced Stops | b (ᨅ) | d (ᨉ) | g (ᨁ) | |
| Nasals | m (ᨆ) | n (ᨊ) | ŋ (ᨍ) | |
| Liquids | l (ᨒ) , r (ᨑ) | |||
| Glides | w (ᨓ) | j (ᨍ) | ||
| Fricatives | s (ᨔ) | h (ᨖ) |
Syllables are V, CV, or CVN.
| Vowel | Lontara | Example (with na) |
|---|---|---|
| i | ᨗ | ᨊᨗ (ni) |
| e | ᨙ | ᨊᨙ (né) |
| a (inherent) | — | ᨊ (na) |
| o | ᨚ | ᨊᨚ (no) |
| u | ᨘ | ᨊᨘ (nu) |
| ǝ/ø * | ᨛ | ᨊᨛ - Used as a virama, glottal marker, and cluster indicator |
Pronouns
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person exclusive (informal) | ikia (I) | ikińa (we: I + them) | nimi (we, excl.) |
| 1st person exclusive (formal) | ikilun (I, formal) | ikilu (we: I + important them) | nipiénimi (we, excl. formal) |
| 1st person inclusive (informal) | — | ikiśu (we: I + you) | tiéta (we, incl.) |
| 1st person inclusive (formal) | — | ikipién (we: I + you, formal) | nipiéniéta (we, incl. formal) |
| 2nd person (informal) | niśu (you) | nírua (you two) | nalian (you all) |
| 2nd person (formal) | nipién (you, formal) | nipiénrua (you two, formal) | nipiénlian (you all, formal) |
| 3rd person (informal) | nińa (he/she) | ráua (they: two) | sida (they) |
| 3rd person (formal) | liu (he/she, polite) | liliu (they: two, polite) | liliu (they, polite) |
| 3rd person (non-human) | niya (it) | niéya (they: two, non-human) | niéya (they, non-human) |
Wh
| Indo-Malay | English Meaning | Malay/Indonesian Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| apa | what | apa |
| ngukiniu | why (reason) | mengapa |
| tukkiniu | why (purpose/for what) | untuk apa |
| siniu | who | siapa |
| niesin | which (choice) | yang mana |
| dia mina | where (location) | di mana |
| kie mina | where to (direction) | ke mana |
| nure mina | where from (origin) | dari mana |
| nianu | when | kapan |
| kuja | how | bagaimana |
| nirniu | how much/many | berapa |
