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| '''ӈь''' /ŋʲ/
| '''ӈь''' /ŋʲ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
! voiceless
| '''п''' /p/  
| '''п''' /p/  
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| '''к''' /k/  
| '''к''' /k/  
| '''кь''' /kʲ/
| '''кь''' /kʲ/
|-
! aspirated
| '''пх''' /pʰ/
| '''тх''' /t̪ʰ/
| '''тхь''' /t̪ʲʰ/
|
| '''кх''' /kʰ/
| '''кхь''' /kʲʰ/
|-
|-
! voiced
! voiced
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! style="width: 5em;" | Low
! style="width: 5em;" | Low
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="9" | Stop
! rowspan="6" | Stop
! rowspan="3" | Plain
! rowspan="3" | Plain
| '''па''' /pá/
| '''па''' /pá/
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| '''ка''' /ká/
| '''ка''' /ká/
| '''га''' /kà/
| '''га''' /kà/
|-
! rowspan="3" | Aspirated
| '''пха''' /pʰá/
| '''бха''' /pʰà/
|-
| '''тха''' /t̪ʰá/
| '''дха''' /t̪ʰà/
|-
| '''кха''' /kʰá/
| '''гха''' /kʰà/
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Voiced
! rowspan="3" | Voiced
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Fricative
| '''са''' /sá/
| '''са''' /sá/
| '''за''' /sà/
|
|-
|-
| '''ха''' /xá/
| '''ха''' /xá/
| '''һа''' /xà/
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! colspan="2" rowspan="4" | Sonorant
| '''мха''' /má/
|
| '''ма''' /mà/
| '''ма''' /mà/
|-
|-
| '''нха''' /n̪á/
|
| '''на''' /n̪à/
| '''на''' /n̪à/
|-
|-
| '''ӈха''' /ŋá/
|
| '''ӈа''' /ŋà/
| '''ӈа''' /ŋà/
|-
|-
| '''лха''' /lá/
|
| '''ла''' /là/
| '''ла''' /là/
|-
|-

Revision as of 10:34, 11 October 2024

Ossmalic



Ossmalic
мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
Pronounced: [ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
Spoken: Ossmal
Writing system: Sealbone Script
Genealogy: Language isolate
Typology
Morphological type:  ???
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative-absolutive
Basic word order: VSO
Credits
Creator: Malcolm G. Holborne


28 consonants:

Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft
Nasal м /m/ н /n̪/ нь /n̪ʲ/ ӈ /ŋ/ ӈь /ŋʲ/
Stop voiceless п /p/ т /t̪/ ть /t̪ʲ/ к /k/ кь /kʲ/
voiced мп /b/ нт /d̪/ нть /d̪ʲ/ ӈк /g/ ӈкь /gʲ/
Fricative в /ʋ/ с /s/ сь /sʲ/ і /j/ х /x/ хь /xʲ/
Approximant л /l/ ль /lʲ/
Monophthongs
Type Front Central Back
Close и /i/ э /ə~ɨ/ у /u/
Mid е /e/ о /o/
Open а /a/
Diphthongs
Type Front Back
Mid Falling іе /i̯e/ во /u̯o/
Open Falling іа /i̯a/ ва /u̯a/

Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:

Tones Inferred by Consonants
Consonant High Low
Stop Plain па /pá/ ба /pà/
та /t̪á/ да /t̪à/
ка /ká/ га /kà/
Voiced мпа /bá/ мба /bà/
нта /d̪á/ нда /d̪à/
ӈка /gá/ ӈга /gà/
Fricative са /sá/
ха /xá/
Sonorant ма /mà/
на /n̪à/
ӈа /ŋà/
ла /là/

Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:

а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́
а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀


Animate:

ма̀дсьаі "human" [sg], ??? "people" [pl]
сьо́лаі "river" [sg], ??? "rivers" [pl]
хва́лаі "horse" [sg], ??? "horses" [pl]
кхьва́наі "god" [sg], ??? "gods" [pl]
дэ̀лхаі ??? [sg]

Inanimate:

сэма́л "mountain" [sg], сэма̀ль "mountains" [pl]
сьо́л "lake" [sg], сьо́ль "lakes" [pl]
ду̀д "house" [sg], ду̀дь "houses" [pl]
мэ́ӈ "language" [sg], мэ̀ӈь "languages" [pl]


Adjective prefixes

Colours

маг- "black, dark"
ос- "white, light"
тьил- "immoral, wicked, evil"