ADJECTIVES of ABCL: Difference between revisions

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=== BASIC/ROOT VERBS ===
=== BASIC/ROOT ADJECTIVES ===


Verbs consist basically of three letters as CVC. They are also classified in schemes similar to the nouns. Seventeen “main headings” (with the first denoting letter of the group following) are “Physical Acts -K##”, “Active Actions –Y, L, R and G##”, “People/Human – S and Ş##”, “Social Relation –F, N and P##”, “Mental Activities –B and M##”, “Household, Daily Life -D##”, “Pastime, Spor, Health -T##”, “Utterance, Nonperson Acts-Ç##”, “Business, Public -H##”, “Technic / Science / Nature-V##”. In Physical Acts, “K##” is initial consonant for the heading, ## indicates varying 8 vowels (“a” to “ü”) in the second place and alternating 20 consonants in the third place. This way 4600 verbs can be created theoretically, but for the same reason as for the nouns, only half of them will be taken in to the consideration. For the Level 1, ABCL has about one thousand five hundred of them, which seems to be adequate. The main heading could be subdivided in subheading such as KA# for a certain type of “physical acting” and KE# for another where appropriate (For the purpose of correlation with English words this “principle” has been relaxed considerably).
Basic adjectives consist of three letters as VCV/x, yielding about 500, but doubling by using of “x” at the ends giving an adverse meaning such as “ebe” for beautiful and “ebex” for ugly. Adjectives have also been separated in classes. “Determiners” with the subtitles: “interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite (quantifier), indefinite numerical, main colours, placing and possessive” where first vowel “o”/“ö” and “u” (for colours only) indicates the “determiner group” and varying consonants (C*’s as “t, s, ş, m, y”  (colours have also other consonants)) decoding the subtitles like “interrogative”. Second group is the “qualifier/classifiers” with three subtitles: First title beginning with “o” is special classes as human feature, frequently used etc.); second with “a” evaluative-descriptive for “people” (personality and behaviour mainly) and third with “e” description of “things”.


As example, some verbs in the category “K-physical acting” are shown below:
Each of them has been subdivided internally according to the scheme e.g. V#V (eC*a, eC*e; eC*i; … eC*ü). Although each subtitle was originally designed to indicate a special type of the adjectives such as “aC*e-being”, “aC*i-behaviour” or “eC*ü-nature/science, the order could not be kept due to new idea of “harmonizing” the sound between ABCL and English adjectives for the ease of memorizing by connotation. (e.g.: ebi=big, where the last letters “bi” of ABCL same (or similar) with the first letters “bi” of English word). Thus, even though the first idea has been kept; e.g. for the “aC*V, the subtitles “physical features, appearance, human attribute, opinion-view, etc.,” at the end they are mixed up to the certain degree anyway.
 
Examples for Root Adjectives:
{|
{|
|'''kaf'''||||||fasten||||||'''kef'''||||||fill||||||'''kıf'''||||||  ||||||'''köf'''||||||force
!Indefinite (Quantifier): o/ö.ş.V*||||English|| || ||Physical Descr. of Things e/o.C*.V*|| |||| || || ||Person-Behaviour a/o.C*.V*
|-
|-
|kah||||||haul/drag||||||keh||||||hang||||||kıh||||||  ||||||köh||||||hew
|oşa|| ||more, _er|||| ||eşe-x||sweet-bitter|| |||| || ||apo-x ||polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
|-
|-
|kak||||||convert||||||kek||||||catch||||||kık||||||  ||||||kök||||||connect
|oşe|| ||most, _est|||| ||ece||certain|| |||| || ||ofe-x||fair-biased
|-
|-
|kal||||||lift||||||kel||||||load||||||kıl||||||  ||||||köl||||||line
|oşu-oşux|| ||several/many/much -few/little||||||eso||sour|| |||| || ||aju-x ||just-devious
|-
|-
|kam||||||mount||||||kem||||||mischief||||||kım||||||  ||||||köm||||||modify/alter
|öşo-öşox|| ||some_  - any_|||| ||oho-x||hot-cold|| |||| || ||aşe-x||sedate-excited
|-
|-
|kan||||||narrow||||||ken||||||enlarge||||||kın||||||  ||||||kön||||||
|öşö|| ||each|||| ||ova-x|| warm- cool|| |||| || ||asu||superficial
|-
|kap||||||package||||||kep||||||place/put on||||||kıp||||||press  ||||||köp||||||push
|-
|kar||||||repair/mend||||||ker||||||rip||||||kır|||||| ||||||kör||||||erase
|-
|kas||||||saw||||||kes||||||separate||||||kıs||||||splitt  ||||||kös||||||shear
|-
|-
|öşu-öşux|| ||every_  -no_|||| ||eva-x||wide-narrow|| |||| || ||aki||keen/eager
|}
|}


Verbs will be flexed for the Level 1 beside tenses also for ergative, causative, imperative, passive, reflexive, subjunctive and negative. Suffixes for further tenses and moods have been defined also for Level 2 such as reciprocal, inferential, optative, subjunctive conditional etc. additionally. Those moods of the second level can be replaced in the first level by the prepositions as in English.
'''Possessive Determiners:''' az, oz, uz, ez, öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their


=== DERIVED VERBS ===
Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.
'''
=== DERIVED ADJECTIVES ===
'''
Adjectives will be derived by adding suffixes to the verbs and nouns. As the root adjectives, also derived one’s end with a vowel, typical for adjectives. Thus, they will have six to eight letters.


Verbs will be derived from nouns and adjectives by adding suffixes according to a fixed scheme. They will typically end also on a consonant as the root verbs.
==== Deverbal Adjectives ====


For the derivation of verbs from the nouns the suffixes “_k” (for transitive) and “_l” (for intransitive) will be added. (thus we will have a six letters verbs.)  For the adjectives also the suffix “_l” is chosen (these types of verbs are always intransitive).
They will be derived by the suffixes “_ado/_adox” (in place of the English suffixes “_ful, _less, _ant/-ent, _ive, _ile, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, etc.), “_amo” (for capability “_able/_ible”). Differently from English, for past participle and present participle ABCL uses not the conjugated verb forms for adjective but derives new words as  “_ono” (for past participle _ed) and “_iko” (for present participle _ing).


==== Derived Verbs from Nouns (Denominal Verbs) ====
Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:
- ''Examples (first noun of the rows translated only)
''
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''English verb'''  
!'''_ado-adox'''||||_ful-less||||(_azo)'''_ado'''||||_ant/-ent||||'''_amo'''||||_able, _ible||||'''_ono'''||||p.p _ed/irregular||||_iko||||_ing
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_k''' ''(transitive)''|| || venfi.k, denso.k||_, _en, _ize||''fire'', ''salt'', frighten(vt), vocalize(vt), terrorize,  idolise
|boh.ado-x||||hope.ful-less||||nel.ado||||relaxant||||keb.amo||||breakable||||dol.ono||||boiled||||ted.iko||||dancing
|-
|(noun)_k ''(transitive)''|| || benli.k||_ate||''liberate'', hyphenate, concentrate, oscillate
|-
|-
|'''(noun)_l''' ''(intransitive)''|| ||vessu.l/vüsle.l||_en, get …||''sun/sunbathe'', lighten, get old, prink up
|bus.ado-x||||use.ful-less||||sip.ado||||pleasant||||mir.amo||||admirable||||bon.ono||||known||||tis.iko||||singing
|-
|-
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || venva.l||_ize/ise||''vaporize'', get icy, materialize(vi),
|roh.ado-x||||harm.ful-less||||fur.ado||||dominant||||höç.amox||||incredible||||muv.ono||||worried||||moh.iko||||terrifying
|-
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| || banlu.l||||''be lucky''
|-
|(noun)_l ''(intransitive)''|| ||tenfe.l||get …||''get no fever''
|}
|}


==== Derived Verbs from Adjectives ====
'''
Examples:
==== Denominal Adjectives ====
'''
 
Denominal adjectives will be derived by the suffixes “_do/_dox” (in place of the English affixes “_ful, _less, _ive, _ulent, _ile, _holic, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, un_, im_,  etc.) and “_no” (for capability “_able/_ible”)
 
Examples
{|
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix'''||||'''ABCL verb'''||'''English verb'''
!'''_do'''||||_ful, _ous||||'''_dox'''||||-less, in-, ir-||||_'''no'''||||_able,_ible
|-
|'''_l, _xl'''|| ||enu.l- enux.l||''be new-become old''
|-
|_l, _xl|| ||ebi.l- ebix.l||''biggen-become small/diminish''
|-
|-
|_l, _xl|| ||eşi.l- eşix.l||''shine-become dull/tarnish/dim''
|fenpü.do||||peaceful||||bonho.dox||||hope.less||||posfa.no||||fashionable
|-
|-
|_l, _xl|| ||ofe.l-ofex.l||''be fresh/freshen-be stale (wither)''
|sonye.do||||handful||||camti.dox||||timeless||||halta.no||||taxable
|-
|-
|_l, _xl|| ||ebe.l- ebex.l||''become beautiful-be ugly''
|minşi.do-x||||merciful-cruel||||pasha.dox||||homeless||||||||
|-
|}
|}
In case of adjectives created as antonym (by negation suffix “_x”), derivation suffix comes after “_x”.  Thus, if the derived verb would be negated, such construction as “ebix.l.o.x” (ebixlox=not diminished) are possible sinbe the suffix “_x” will be placed after the tense-conjugation suffix.
If “x” follows or followed by a consonant, a short sounded “ı or i” may be introduced in between (in accordance with the vowel harmony) in speaking, but not in writing. (e.g. enu.x.l.o=became old).
=== Infinite and Imperative ===
{|
!'''ABCL Suffix Level 1'''||||'''Example: ABCL noun'''||'''English Suffix'''||'''Some English Nouns as Samples'''  ''(verbs given in italic are imperatives)''
|-
|'''_eş-x''|| || yun.eş(!), den.eş.x(!)||to ... ''(infinite)/!''||to run, to eat / ''(run!, eat-don't eat!)''
|}
=== Verb Transformation in ABCL ===
Many verbs in English are ambitransitive (ergative-anticausative) (transitive and intransitive, depending on the context) such as burn, sink, read, break etc. where the separation is provided either by their context (receiving an object) or by the special prepositions/particles. For the translation from English to ABCL, ABCL would need two different root verbs for each type of the meaning in order to overcome the ambiguity. Therefore, I have tried to minimize and to simplify this duality. The verbs defined in lexicon are either inherently intransitive (among others linking verbs including all copula verbs) as appear, be, become, feel, get, grow, keep, look, seem, sound, smell, stay, turn etc.) i.e. they cannot take object or inherently transitive, i.e. they take object anyway. Verbs such as “to boil” is considered in ABCL as inherently intransitive because boiling is an inherently specific characteristic of fluids.  Equivalent of any ambitransitive English verb is defined in ABCL always intrinsically as transitive (e.g. the verb “sink=yes” is in ABCL transitive only even though in English it may have the meanings such as: the boat sank (intransitive) and the storm has sunk the bot (transitive)). Intransitive includes also reflexive and reciprocal. (Most of the natural languages have more transitive verbs than intransitive, e.g. English and German about 60%, therefore I have chosen transitive sinse as basic in case of the duality.)


Because there are too many ambitransitive verbs, which can be transformed by reflexion in to (semi-) intransitive verbs, ABCL introduced the reflexive suffix “_m” for this purpose. (Example: look at (vt) vs look nice (vi)- bul.# vs bul.#.m) With this approach the problem of the ambitransitive verbs would be overcome in ABCL.  Other way around to make out of an intransitive verb a transitive one (ergative) ABCL defined the suffix “_t” and for the reciprocal the suffix “_y”.
With these 8 suffixes (ado, adox, ako, amo, ano, do, dox, no) it is possible to get unnumbered new adjectives from verbs and nouns additionally to 520 root adjectives.


English uses also different word or auxiliary to make out of an inherently intransitive verb a transitive verb (like “die-kill”, “sleep- get/make… sleep”) or opposite.  Contrary to ABCL, it creates from transitive verb intransitive reflexive verbs by using reflexive pronouns (protect-protect oneself).
=== Antinomies of Adjectives ===


The verb “bab” is introduced as ABCL equivalent of English verb “to be”, it will be utilized however in copula mood as “zero copula”. For example, “it is beautiful” translates into ABCL (for the sake of simplicity) not as “u babe ebe” but as “u ebe” or simpler as “ebe” if the context permits it.
As stated already, the antinomies of adjectives will be generally defined by adding the suffix “x”. This has been done preferably with the pairs where in English a separate adjective available for the antinomy. This way the number of words to be memorized would be reduced considerably. For the adjectives used very often we made however some exceptions. In order to avoid a mix up which comes first, it is necessary to implement certain rules. These are: For physically quantifiable, the bigger/larger/heavier/stronger etc. is the base adjectives, the latter will get “_x“ (like: big-small: ebi-ebix; for qualitative, what people normally prefer, comes first (like: honest-false: oho-ohox; hot-cold: ovo-ovax etc.). Adjectives which are used in speech mostly shall have basic form even the foregoing stated rules implies differently. (e.g.: “eda-x” (dark- light/pale), even though “dark” implies physically “unfavorability” because “light” is used relatively seldom competed with “dark”.


Other suffixes for further verbal forms are listed in the table under the title: Modal Verbs, Inflexions and Modus in ABCL further below.
The suffix “_x” comes always directly after the adjective (basic or derived does not matter- e.g. ohox.ka, enux.l, minşi.do.x), followed by other derivational suffixes.

Latest revision as of 07:59, 8 March 2024

BASIC/ROOT ADJECTIVES

Basic adjectives consist of three letters as VCV/x, yielding about 500, but doubling by using of “x” at the ends giving an adverse meaning such as “ebe” for beautiful and “ebex” for ugly. Adjectives have also been separated in classes. “Determiners” with the subtitles: “interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite (quantifier), indefinite numerical, main colours, placing and possessive” where first vowel “o”/“ö” and “u” (for colours only) indicates the “determiner group” and varying consonants (C*’s as “t, s, ş, m, y” (colours have also other consonants)) decoding the subtitles like “interrogative”. Second group is the “qualifier/classifiers” with three subtitles: First title beginning with “o” is special classes as human feature, frequently used etc.); second with “a” evaluative-descriptive for “people” (personality and behaviour mainly) and third with “e” description of “things”.

Each of them has been subdivided internally according to the scheme e.g. V#V (eC*a, eC*e; eC*i; … eC*ü). Although each subtitle was originally designed to indicate a special type of the adjectives such as “aC*e-being”, “aC*i-behaviour” or “eC*ü-nature/science, the order could not be kept due to new idea of “harmonizing” the sound between ABCL and English adjectives for the ease of memorizing by connotation. (e.g.: ebi=big, where the last letters “bi” of ABCL same (or similar) with the first letters “bi” of English word). Thus, even though the first idea has been kept; e.g. for the “aC*V, the subtitles “physical features, appearance, human attribute, opinion-view, etc.,” at the end they are mixed up to the certain degree anyway.

Examples for Root Adjectives:

Indefinite (Quantifier): o/ö.ş.V* English Physical Descr. of Things e/o.C*.V* Person-Behaviour a/o.C*.V*
oşa more, _er eşe-x sweet-bitter apo-x polite/kind/gentle-impolite/rude
oşe most, _est ece certain ofe-x fair-biased
oşu-oşux several/many/much -few/little eso sour aju-x just-devious
öşo-öşox some_ - any_ oho-x hot-cold aşe-x sedate-excited
öşö each ova-x warm- cool asu superficial
öşu-öşux every_ -no_ eva-x wide-narrow aki keen/eager

Possessive Determiners: az, oz, uz, ez, öz, üz- my, your, its, our, your, their

Possessive determiners are adjective in their role in syntax but because genitive suffix “_z” is placed after the word they don’t agree with the rules set here. Therefore, they will be handled in ABCL as possessive pronouns exceptionally.

DERIVED ADJECTIVES

Adjectives will be derived by adding suffixes to the verbs and nouns. As the root adjectives, also derived one’s end with a vowel, typical for adjectives. Thus, they will have six to eight letters.

Deverbal Adjectives

They will be derived by the suffixes “_ado/_adox” (in place of the English suffixes “_ful, _less, _ant/-ent, _ive, _ile, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, etc.), “_amo” (for capability “_able/_ible”). Differently from English, for past participle and present participle ABCL uses not the conjugated verb forms for adjective but derives new words as “_ono” (for past participle _ed) and “_iko” (for present participle _ing).

Examples for Deverbal Adjectives:

_ado-adox _ful-less (_azo)_ado _ant/-ent _amo _able, _ible _ono p.p _ed/irregular _iko _ing
boh.ado-x hope.ful-less nel.ado relaxant keb.amo breakable dol.ono boiled ted.iko dancing
bus.ado-x use.ful-less sip.ado pleasant mir.amo admirable bon.ono known tis.iko singing
roh.ado-x harm.ful-less fur.ado dominant höç.amox incredible muv.ono worried moh.iko terrifying

Denominal Adjectives

Denominal adjectives will be derived by the suffixes “_do/_dox” (in place of the English affixes “_ful, _less, _ive, _ulent, _ile, _holic, _ic, _ate, _y/ly,_ic, _ous, un_, im_, etc.) and “_no” (for capability “_able/_ible”)

Examples

_do _ful, _ous _dox -less, in-, ir- _no _able,_ible
fenpü.do peaceful bonho.dox hope.less posfa.no fashionable
sonye.do handful camti.dox timeless halta.no taxable
minşi.do-x merciful-cruel pasha.dox homeless

With these 8 suffixes (ado, adox, ako, amo, ano, do, dox, no) it is possible to get unnumbered new adjectives from verbs and nouns additionally to 520 root adjectives.

Antinomies of Adjectives

As stated already, the antinomies of adjectives will be generally defined by adding the suffix “x”. This has been done preferably with the pairs where in English a separate adjective available for the antinomy. This way the number of words to be memorized would be reduced considerably. For the adjectives used very often we made however some exceptions. In order to avoid a mix up which comes first, it is necessary to implement certain rules. These are: For physically quantifiable, the bigger/larger/heavier/stronger etc. is the base adjectives, the latter will get “_x“ (like: big-small: ebi-ebix; for qualitative, what people normally prefer, comes first (like: honest-false: oho-ohox; hot-cold: ovo-ovax etc.). Adjectives which are used in speech mostly shall have basic form even the foregoing stated rules implies differently. (e.g.: “eda-x” (dark- light/pale), even though “dark” implies physically “unfavorability” because “light” is used relatively seldom competed with “dark”.

The suffix “_x” comes always directly after the adjective (basic or derived does not matter- e.g. ohox.ka, enux.l, minşi.do.x), followed by other derivational suffixes.

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