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| ==Pronunciation table==
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1600px;"
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| ! colspan="6" | <center>पेमु॓को<br>peműko<br>(labial)</center>
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| ! colspan="6" | रीसु॓कॊ<br>riisűko<br>(dental)
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| ! colspan="6" | मुइतु॓को<br>muitűko<br>(alveolar)
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| ! colspan="6-" | भइनु॓को<br>vainűko<br>(palatal)
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| ! colspan="2" |
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| ! colspan="6" | च्युस्वे॓नोस् <br>ṡ̨uuše̋nos<br>(vowels with प)
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| !colspan="3" | नि॓थो च्युस्वे॓नोस् <br>nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos''' <br>(weak vowels)
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| |-
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| ! <center>p</center>
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| ! b
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| ! f
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| ! v
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| ! m̃
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| ! m
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| ! t
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| ! d
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| ! þ
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| ! ð
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| ! ɫ
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| ! l
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| ! ṡ
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| ! ż
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| ! s
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| ! z
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| ! r
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| ! n
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| ! k
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| ! g
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| ! x
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| ! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
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| ! h
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| ! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
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| ! t̬
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| ! t̨
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| ! i
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| ! e
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| ! a
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| ! ɔ
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| ! o
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| ! u
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| ! ĭ
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| ! ĕ
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| ! ŭ
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| |-
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| ! <center>प</center>
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| ! ब
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| ! फ
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| ! भ
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| ! म़
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| ! म
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| ! त
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| ! द
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| ! थ
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| ! ध
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| ! ल़
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| ! ल
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| ! च
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| ! ज
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| ! स
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| ! स़
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| ! र
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| ! न
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| ! क
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| ! ग
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| ! क़
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| ! ग़
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| ! ह
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| ! य
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| ! त्व
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| ! त्य
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| ! इ ई<br><br>पि पी
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| ! ए एै<br><br>पे पै
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| ! अ आ<br><br>प पा
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| ! ऒ ॵ<br><br>पॊ पॏ
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| ! ओ औ<br><br>पो पौ
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| ! उ ऊ<br><br>पु पू
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| ! तं
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| ! तऺ
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| ! तॅ
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| |-
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| | /p/
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| | /b/
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| | /ɸ/
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| | /β/
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| | /m̥/
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| | /m/
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| !
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| !
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| | /t/
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| | /d/
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| | /θ/
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| | /ð/
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| | /l̥/
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| | /l/
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| !
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| !
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| | /ʦ/
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| | /ʣ/
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| | /s/
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| | /z/
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| | /ɾ̥/
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| | /n/
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| !
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| !
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| | /k/
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| | /g/
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| | /ç/
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| | /ʝ/
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| | /j̊/
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| | /j/
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| !
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| !
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| | /tʷ/
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| | /tʲ/
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| !
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| !
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| | /i/
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| | /e/
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| | /ä/
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| | /ɒ/
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| | /o/
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| | /u/
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| !
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| !
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| | /ɪ/
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| | /ɛ/
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| | /ʊ/
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| |}
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|
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|
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| ==List of postpositions==
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| ===Non-derivative postpositions - '''algı̋ı̋no pos̈a̋m̃os'''===
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| *1. '''áda''' denotes in association or connection with: among(st), with(in).
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| ::'''no m̃a̋a̋sto leuðős <u>áða</u> le̋uða gűa e̋sa:'''
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| :::That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people
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|
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| ::'''koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-m̃aka̋s <u>áða</u> vűűa ne:'''
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| :::It is not within my power to free you from prison.
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|
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| *2. '''áfa''' denotes separation from support, attachment or position: off (of), from, of.
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| ::'''m̃úm áfa þűn'''
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| :::one of us
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|
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| ::'''t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga da mı̋mu nem áfa e-főőla:'''
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| :::The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.
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|
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| ::'''duspőrvu riine̋ȝu boþa̋s áfa hesáhvi dűűraþu e-ı̋la:'''
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| :::The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.
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|
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| *3. '''ána''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up (to).
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| ::'''šı̋naþu ii-s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom ána ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.
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|
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| *4. '''ápa''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively: from, away from.
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| ::'''laanı̋ȝo re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem ápa e-re̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
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|
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| *5. '''ba''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
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| ::'''m̃us ðurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:'''
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| :::We heard a loud noise outside the door.
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|
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| ::'''m̃úm e-rekantűm. m̃u-þőősu terős ba e-ṡűra: '''
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| :::Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.
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|
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| *6. '''do''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into.
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| ::'''a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋me da̋a̋em do e-a̋ta:'''
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| :::The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.
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|
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| ::'''ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋a̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:'''
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| :::The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.
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|
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| ::'''ba̋a̋k̬o ṡúm̃vi le̋e̋tam ǧa̋ron do u-a̋a̋ta:'''
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| :::Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.
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|
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| ::'''tú sa̋ram do a̋tek̬e ra̋a̋dek̬e:'''
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| :::Go to the party and have a good time.
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|
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| *7. '''dúna''' denotes at or during a time anterior to; before, by, no later than, of, to.
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| ::'''tú duua̋s dúna íðu vűűe:'''
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| :::Be here by/no later than sunset.
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|
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| ::'''d̬őfoos te̋nlas pe̋n tena̋s dúna'''
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| :::twenty minutes of/to five
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|
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| ::'''éȝu. rı̋ı̋ba i-aha̋s dúna. num m̃e̋e̋rum e-vűűu ðe̋ra:'''
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| :::To this very day, he insists he was right.
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|
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| *8. '''éha''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
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| ::'''tűgu pe̋e̋l̤us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
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|
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| ::'''mı̋mum ɔ́nu e-mı̋mantum—ii-be̋kus tungős éha e-ża̋ba:'''
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| :::The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
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|
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| ::'''na̋a̋ðrus ðuunős éha ṡata̋' še̋nom e-ve̋na:'''
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| :::The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
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|
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| *9. '''éna''' denotes stationary position or location within or movement into: at, in, into, on, to.
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| ::'''pempe̋lo ba̋ndo raȝős tuufős ''éna'' e-þe̋ga:'''
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| :::The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
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|
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| ::'''m̃asős ''éna'' hőlṡom ''éna'' sőron e-ðeee̋ȝa:'''
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| :::Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
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|
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| ::'''ṡűvlu þegős néra ı̋vkom ''éna'' kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
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| :::The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
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|
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| ::'''ur-bekű. taata̋s taɫős ''éna'' ṡűre:
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| :::Young man, stand to your father's right.
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|
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| *10. '''épa''' denotes accordance with: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.
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| ::'''ii-mı̋mu mal̤űm épa eȝu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:'''
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| :::The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.
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|
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| ::'''ṡa̋þm̃us soþveel̤űs eevős épa e-ȝűða:'''
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| :::At the general's command the troops charged.
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|
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| ::'''ȝa mol̤űs kőzu peeka̋s épa e-vűűa—te̋ido e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
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|
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| ::'''no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős épa. dőraþo ile̋ȝa mee:'''
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| :::Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
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|
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| *11. '''éva''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: on, over, to, upon.
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| ::'''tu eðős éna serős éva ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::You will find the hat on the table in the hall.
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|
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| ::'''ma̋l̤us że̋e̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬im e-te̋e̋ra:'''
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| :::The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.
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|
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| ::'''dőxlu maat̨őno serős éva a̋ito m̃e̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
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| :::The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
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|
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| *12. '''ha''' denotes causality: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
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| ::'''dı̋slu m̃u-igős ha m̃enðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:'''
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| :::At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.
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|
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| ::'''m̃us ṡarsa̋a̋ke suum̃e̋s ha a̋tu e-ma̋ƣa ne:'''
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| :::Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
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|
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| ::'''ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa eȝu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vűűa:'''
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| :::The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
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|
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| ::'''m̃us i-sepa̋m ha na̋a̋nu ke̋la:'''
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| :::Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
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|
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| ::'''le̋uðu nakaþős ha naaa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:'''
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| :::At the sight the people went pale with fear.
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|
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| *13. '''ȝúṡa''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among(st), (in) between, through, with.
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| ::'''þa̋la voourlűm ȝúṡa vűűla ne:'''
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| :::There is no honor among(st) thieves.
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|
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| ::'''de̋e̋ȝos m̃eesősk̬e beƣősk̬e ȝúṡa vűűa:'''
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| :::The beehives are between the house and the barn.
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|
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| ::'''i-lűvo me̋e̋o ma̋non ȝúṡa kĭke̋e̋da:'''
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| :::This book has passed through many hands.
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|
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| *14. '''kóma''' denotes physical proximity: about, beside, by, next to, on.
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| ::'''om̃ta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:'''
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| :::The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.
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|
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| *15. '''la''' denotes on this side of.
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| ::'''vőðlus m̃eesős la ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
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|
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| *16. '''n̨a''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through).
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| ::'''me̋ṡe ha̋iṡim n̨a e-re̋na:'''
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| :::The monkey climbed down the tree.
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|
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| ::'''éȝu dı̋lanĕ n̨a mu-vı̋lu e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::He has been my friend down through the years.
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|
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| ::'''d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em n̨a m̃u-la̋im̃om e-da̋ga:'''
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| :::The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
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|
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| *17. '''o''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
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| ::'''re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:'''
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| :::These red and yellow flowers are for you.
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|
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| ::'''eȝu-sa̋m̃no orűm o te̋ido e-vűűa:'''
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| :::His speech was clear to all.
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|
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| *18. '''ɔ́na''' denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.
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| ::'''te̋na meðlaata̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:'''
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| :::The time is after/past midnight.
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|
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| ::'''műdu őmu kéþu ten̈e̋msom ɔ́na e-tőpa:'''
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| :::The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.
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|
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| ::'''va̋rsim seea̋s tááda tena̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:'''
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| :::It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.
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|
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| ::'''m̃al̤űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka nı̋þa mu-þumra̋s ɔ́na e̋sa:'''
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| :::The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.
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|
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| ::'''re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom ɔ́na m̃e̋ƣom e-re̋iða:'''
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| :::The driver drove the wagon by/past the beseiged fortress.
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|
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| ::'''soþlűs ƣőlvo kı̋o eȝu-boþa̋s ɔ́na e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
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|
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| ::'''rem̃rűs żőőnaþu főő ɔ́na lűku e-fe̋e̋a ne:'''
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| :::The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
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|
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| *19. '''pósa''' denotes posterior to in time or space; after, behind, following.'''
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| ::'''m̃úm m̃enðónu tŭtopaþűm. naaża̋s pósa e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::It was after noon when we finally arrived.
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|
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| ::'''mu mús pósa ȝaṡős aaþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-ma̋ƣa:'''
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| :::I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.
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|
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| ::'''ǧe̋nus ṡatős pósa t̬iɫőnun e-ve̋da:'''
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| :::Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.
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|
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| *20. '''sána''' denotes having a lack of something; without.
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| ::'''t̬ı̋ɫus tı̋r a̋han m̃a̋stom tára hurő' sána e-ta̋ƣa:'''
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| :::The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
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|
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| *21. '''sííra''' denotes up to a limit; at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.
| |
| ::'''ka̋a̋ðlu peliső' sííra e-ṡűra: péru e-ı̋ta:'''
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| :::The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
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|
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| ::'''m̃us da̋a̋em sííra tum u-sűna:'''
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| :::We will go with you as far as the river.
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|
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| ::'''tu pe̋n abelőm sííra gae̋ȝa:'''
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| :::You may have as many as five apples.
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|
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| ::'''abe̋li bı̋n peda̋m sííra e-a̋la:'''
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| :::The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.
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|
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| ::'''m̃us needa̋' sííra tum u-me̋na:'''
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| :::We will wait for you until/till sunup.
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|
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| ::'''ginda̋a̋gu tűbom sííra mu-gı̋ndom e-pe̋e̋la:'''
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| :::The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
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|
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| *22. '''ša''' denotes exception; apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
| |
| ::'''m̃u-nuvke̋e̋sa þűn ðuső' ša dı̋zra e-vűűa:'''
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| :::Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
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|
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| ::'''tu-tőso ȝoba̋' ša e̋sa:'''
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| :::Your statement is beside the point.
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|
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| ::'''néu bilűsk̬e músk̬e ša íðu vűűla:'''
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| :::There's no one here besides Bill and me.
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|
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| ::'''őmu ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' ša ṡa̋tom hĭhaȝe̋ȝa:'''
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| :::But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
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|
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| ::'''őru éȝus mú' ša tóru e-vűűa:'''
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| :::They were all there except/save me.
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|
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| ::'''dűƣlus ṡaþm̃űs o me̋e̋e kake̋m ša tı̋r ǧőősen e-nı̋ı̋xa:'''
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| :::The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.
| |
|
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| ::'''mu paadős éna pa̋uo piinkőm ša néo pı̋ı̋nom űda:'''
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| :::I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
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|
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| ::'''néo govta̋' ša eȝús o vűűa:'''
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| :::Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
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|
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| *23. '''ṡ̨úfa''' denotes in the course of; during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under
| |
| ::'''m̃us leeta̋s ṡ̨úfa še̋ma:'''
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| :::During the summer we go swimming.
| |
|
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| ::'''m̃us vı̋l̤us me̋e̋a kalta̋m ṡ̨úfa e̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::We have been friends through many trials.
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|
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| ::'''m̃e̋kos reeƣűs zila̋s ṡ̨úfa m̃éumvi vĭva̋dos e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Under the king's rule things were much better.
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|
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| *24. '''þáfa''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively; (all) over, through(out).
| |
| ::'''me̋ża ba̋ȝa mexa̋s þáfa e-vűűla:'''
| |
| :::Throughout the nation there was great joy.
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|
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| ::'''ga̋a̋ȝu őro vutiȝős þáfa ve̋naþo ı̋lu e-ma̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''re̋e̋ƣu m̃űn ðűűnom þáfa male̋ȝu e-te̋e̋a:'''
| |
| :::The king said we might wander through the castle.
| |
|
| |
| *25. '''úúda''' denotes egress; out of, from.
| |
| ::'''bőőde eȝe-dűpom úúda e-főőla:'''
| |
| :::The chick fell out of its nest.
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ===Derivative postpositions - '''gı̋ı̋no pos̈a̋m̃os'''===
| |
| *26. '''altéua''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of [< '''al''', ''negating prefix''; '''te̋ua''', ''t.v.'' pay attention to].
| |
| ::'''mu dagőm altéua a̋ta:'''
| |
| :::I am going regardless of the consequences.
| |
|
| |
| *27. '''dása''' denotes on the authority of: by [< '''da̋sa''', ''t.v.'' govern].
| |
| ::'''k̨uðdı̋slu daslűs dása őnom e-e̋ma:'''
| |
| :::The coast guard seized the cargo on the authority of the governor.
| |
|
| |
| *27. '''déla''' denotes reference: with reference to, as to [< '''de̋la''', ''t.v.'' refer to].
| |
| ::'''mu meta̋s déla kı̋rom sa̋a̋ra ne:'''
| |
| :::As to your question, I don’t know the answer.
| |
|
| |
| *29. '''déxa''' denotes in order to obtain or acquire: for [< '''de̋xa''', ''t.v.'' obtain, acquire].
| |
| ::'''tu sade̋mom do toolőm déxa a̋tu ma̋ƣame:'''
| |
| :::Can you go to the store for some eggs?
| |
|
| |
| *30. '''ðééa''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than [< '''ðe̋e̋a''', ''t.v.'' put, place].
| |
| ::'''e̋rlus erőm ðééa fa̋lonĕ ne̋udu e-ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::The rowers had to use boards for oars.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''m̃us ǧom̃ős ðééa dorős kíma þe̋som e-e̋da:'''
| |
| :::Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''vőőƣlu i-voogős éna k̨ortemős ðéé' abe̋lon e-ne̋uda:'''
| |
| :::The baker used apples rather than pears in this cake.
| |
|
| |
| *31. '''éba''' denotes eventuality: in case of, against [< '''e̋ba''', ''t.v.'' befall, bechance].
| |
| ::'''m̃u' suum̃ős éba beƣős éna u-sa̋ra:'''
| |
| :::In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''nu' sűűm̃' aha̋s éba pı̋ı̋nom a̋uka:'''
| |
| :::They are saving money against a rainy day.
| |
|
| |
| *32. '''éȝa''' denotes in charge of: in charge of, with [< '''e̋ȝa''', ''t.v.'' entrust].
| |
| ::'''nu le̋e̋mon műűlu éȝa vűűa:'''
| |
| :::She is in charge of planting the vegetables.
| |
|
| |
| *33. '''éra''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for [< '''e̋ra''', ''t.v.'' take advantage of, benefit].
| |
| ::'''m̃us leudős éra íðu vűűa:'''
| |
| :::We are here on behalf of the people.
| |
|
| |
| *34. '''éta''' denotes addition: as well as, besides, in addition to, with [< '''étu''', ''adv.'' also, too, as well, likewise].
| |
| ::'''sausm̃evős éta šemőutom toƣe̋ȝa:'''
| |
| :::Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''da̋mu e̋fu maama̋s éta eȝús o mɔ̋ɔ̋ru e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Besides a mother, he has an invalid older sister to support.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''éȝu xirős éta mőrem e-sa̋a:'''
| |
| :::He bought the horse with the saddle.
| |
|
| |
| *35. '''fára''' denotes in preparation for: for [< '''fa̋ri''', ''adj.'' ready].
| |
| ::'''m̃ús ṡ̬ena̋s fára bege̋ȝa:'''
| |
| :::Let’s brew some millet beer (in preparation) for the celebration.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''mu-taƣős fára bűtu ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::I must pack for my trip.
| |
|
| |
| *36. '''fésa''' denotes before in time: before, previous to [< '''fe̋si''', ''adj.'' earlier, prior].
| |
| ::'''leuðm̃e̋ƣo naaża̋s fésa vı̋da:'''
| |
| :::The bus leaves before noon.
| |
|
| |
| *37. '''f̨óþa''' denotes being able to see by some light: by, in [< '''f̨őþo''', light].
| |
| ::'''pa̋a̋vo zeere̋s f̨óþa na̋k̨o e-ı̋la:'''
| |
| :::By the light of the moon the road became more visible.
| |
|
| |
| *38. '''góþa''' denotes similarity or likeness: like, similar to [< '''gőþa''', ''t.v.'' make similar, resemble.].
| |
| ::'''tu-eðdőka mu-eðdoka̋s góþa e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Your recipe is like/similar to mine.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''tu voutős góþa nűmon e-ża̋a̋da:'''
| |
| :::You spread out the heavens like a tent.
| |
|
| |
| *39. '''íla''' denotes change from one form into another: into [< '''ı̋la''', ''i.v.'' become].
| |
| ::'''ga̋a̋lem e-le̋ża: m̃enantűm íla éȝem e-űűra:'''
| |
| :::He gathered air. He crafted it into loving beings:
| |
|
| |
| *40. '''ı́za''' denotes descent from: down from [< '''ı̋za''', ''t.v.'' descend, go down].
| |
| ::'''korős ı́za re̋nantu da̋rlu e-főőla:'''
| |
| :::The workman fell climbing down from the roof.
| |
|
| |
| *41. '''ȝéta''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to [< '''ȝe̋ta''', ''t.v.'' have to do with, relate to].
| |
| ::'''tu-űtos eȝús ȝéta xos vűűa:'''
| |
| :::What are your feelings toward him?
| |
|
| |
| *42. '''ȝóba''' denotes proximity: near, about, by, next to, on, close to, against [< '''ȝőba''', ''t.v.'' approach, draw near].
| |
| ::'''mı̋ı̋nlu leðős éna eherős ȝóba nomős éna e-m̃e̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The fisherman lived in a home by/on the lake in the valley.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''be̋ƣo m̃eesős ȝóba e̋sa: tu ta̋sen ve̋nu ma̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::The barn is close to the house. You can hear the animals.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''sa̋mu m̃eesős ȝóba m̃e̋ƣom e-ṡűra:'''
| |
| :::The shaman parked the wagon against the house.
| |
|
| |
| *43. '''ȝúa''' denotes interiority: inside, within [< '''ȝűi''', ''adj.'' inside; interior].
| |
| ::'''kűno nı̋ı̋go vőm̃aþo abelős ȝúa e-vűűa:'''
| |
| :::Inside each baked apple was a walnut.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''mőres sa̋ko riȝős ȝúa dőraþes ı̋la ne:'''
| |
| :::Horses are not permitted within the holy city.
| |
|
| |
| *44. '''kéésa''' denotes from a past time: since [< '''ke̋e̋sa''', ''t.v.'' while (away)].
| |
| ::'''mu hesdila̋s kéésa éȝum żĭże̋e̋na:'''
| |
| :::I have known her since last year.
| |
|
| |
| *45. '''kía''' denotes agency: by [< '''kı̋a''', ''t.v.'' work, do].
| |
| ::'''éȝu taata̋s kía ka̋a̋daþu ı̋la:'''
| |
| :::He was killed by his father.
| |
|
| |
| *46. '''kíma''' denotes intention: for [< '''kı̋ma''', ''t.v.'' intend].
| |
| ::'''mu dorős kíma m̃e̋inom u-sa̋a:'''
| |
| :::I will buy the wine for the dinner.
| |
|
| |
| *47. '''kúȝa''' denotes gratitude for: thanks to [< '''kűȝa''', ''t.v.'' thank].
| |
| ::'''eȝu-dooős kúȝa mu-e̋dom sa̋u e-ma̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::Thanks to his donation, I was able to buy my food.
| |
|
| |
| *48. '''láába''' denotes hanging down from: on [< '''la̋a̋ba''', ''i.v.'' hang down loosely].
| |
| ::'''abe̋los haiṡı̋m láába a̋la:'''
| |
| :::Apples grow on trees.
| |
|
| |
| *49. '''méṡa''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside of [< '''me̋ṡa''', ''t.v.'' lie alongside].
| |
| ::'''ve̋e̋ðlus fűrom þáfa pa̋a̋vom méṡa e-ne̋da:'''
| |
| :::The hunters walked along the road through the forest.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''na̋a̋ȝe mumĕ méṡa saxm̃e̋e̋som do őra a̋tam e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The dog ran alongside me all the way to the tavern.
| |
|
| |
| *50. '''með-''' denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is prefixed [< '''me̋ði''', ''adj.'' middle].
| |
| ::'''ne̋sku terős meðéna e-ṡűrak̬' e-ɫı̋ı̋gak̬e:'''
| |
| :::The girl stood in the middle of the room and cried.
| |
|
| |
| ::''' éȝu pósu lőukomĕ méðdo e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Then she ran to the middle of the field.
| |
|
| |
| *51. '''méta''' denotes at the same time as [< '''métu''', ''adv.'' at the same time].
| |
| ::'''éȝu mús méta he̋lem e-na̋ka:'''
| |
| :::She saw the lightning at the same time as me.
| |
| ::'''m̃us gindős nűno haðdepős méta va̋a̋om e-żűsa:
| |
| :::We enjoyed a conversation over a fine cup of lavender tea.
| |
|
| |
| *52. '''méþa''' denotes in the center of [< '''me̋þa''', ''t.v.'' center, focus].
| |
| ::'''m̃ú' se̋rom méþa na̋non ðeee̋ȝa:'''
| |
| :::Let’s put the flowers in the center of the table.
| |
|
| |
| *53. '''móóda''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, by means of, through, in [< '''mőőda''', means, method].
| |
| ::'''raaðta̋s móóda ȝűmum nı̋ı̋xe:'''
| |
| :::Serve God with gladness.
| |
|
| |
| *54. '''m̃ása''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left [< '''m̃a̋si''', ''adj.'' left].
| |
| ::'''be̋ku eȝu-taata̋s m̃ása e-ṡűra:'''
| |
| :::The young man stood to the left of his father.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''sőþlu ha̋iṡim m̃ása e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The soldier ran to the left of the tree.
| |
|
| |
| *55. '''néra''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: behind, below, beneath, under(neath) [< '''ne̋ri''', ''adj.'' under].
| |
| ::'''re̋e̋slu þ̨axős néra la̋kom e-ȝa̋fa:'''
| |
| :::The runner broke his leg below the knee.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''fa̋ṡo sűðo ka̋l' o-niivrős néra bűþa:'''
| |
| :::Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''zɔ̋ðlu m̃eesős n̨erős néra eȝu-goolƣa̋vom e-ðőőva:'''
| |
| :::The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor of his house.
| |
|
| |
| *56. '''nóóla''' denotes to the extent of: by [< '''nőőla''', ''t.v.'' size].
| |
| ::'''n̨a̋ro pe̋n bı̋n nóóla me̋a:'''
| |
| :::The picture measures 5 by 8.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''éȝu þűn ṡidős nóóla tĭt̨a̋a̋ru efű' sóma vűűa:'''
| |
| :::He is shorter than his older sister by one inch.
| |
|
| |
| *57. '''nóma''' denotes to or at the home of someone [< '''nőmo''', home].
| |
| ::'''m̃us riineȝűs nóma tum u-pa̋na:'''
| |
| :::We will meet you at the home of the mayor.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''ȝŭȝűűnus riine̋ȝum nóma e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The younger ones ran to the home of the mayor.
| |
|
| |
| *58. '''n̨áxa''' denotes disregard for: despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding [< '''n̨a̋xa''', ''t.v.'' defy].
| |
| ::'''be̋ku gaudős eȝu-egős n̨áxa e-ve̋e̋da:'''
| |
| :::The young man went hunting despite his lack of experience.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''a-sőþlu sóólvi þűn be̋som űðu n̨áxa dűbu da̋a̋rlu vűűa:'''
| |
| :::That soldier is a good worker for having only one arm.
| |
|
| |
| *59. '''n̨óópa''' denotes in a position forward of: in front of, before, ahead of, against, in advance of [< '''n̨őőpo''', front].
| |
| ::'''va̋mlu tozdemős n̨óópa e-ṡűra:'''
| |
| :::The priest stood in front of the church.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''ṡiṡűs nı̋zo éȝum n̨óópa e-me̋m̃a da éȝum e-tűga:'''
| |
| :::The child’s shadow advanced before/ahead of him and frightened him.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''m̃us żı̋mo posnákaþős n̨óóp' alkénvi na̋non e-na̋ka:'''
| |
| :::We saw the flowers easily against the dark background.
| |
|
| |
| *60. '''óita''' denotes the taking of an oath; by, in the name of [< '''őito''', oath].
| |
| ::'''mu ȝuműs óita éȝom kı̋u ma̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::By God, I can do it.
| |
|
| |
| *61. '''péga''' denotes position at or movement towards the side of something or someone; at-, to-, -the side of [< '''pe̋go''', side].
| |
| ::'''me̋vlus mevsárterős péga e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The dancers sat at the side of the ballroom.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''ṡı̋ṡus leida̋ulom péga e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The children ran to the side of the playground.
| |
|
| |
| *62. '''réiða''' denotes a means of conveyance; by [< '''re̋iða''', ''t.v.'' drive, ride].
| |
| ::'''soorta̋ƣlus reðnős réiða noiivda̋rom do e-a̋ta:'''
| |
| :::The pilgrims went by wagon to the shrine.
| |
|
| |
| *63. '''ríza''' denotes support; in-, -support-, -favor-, -of [< '''rı̋za''', ''t.v.'' prop, support].
| |
| ::'''le̋udu reeƣűs tolős ríza vűűa:'''
| |
| :::The people are in favor of the king’s decree.
| |
|
| |
| *64. '''sépa''' denotes reference or interest; concerning, concern with, about. [< '''se̋pa''', ''t.v.'' treat (of), concern].
| |
| ::'''pe̋rlu saarkős áfa vőőuraþo doþős sépa néxom e-sa̋a̋ra:'''
| |
| :::The ferryman knew nothing regarding/as regards/about the money stolen from the treasury.
| |
|
| |
| *65. '''sóma''' denotes comparison, compared to, than [< '''sőma''', ''t.v.'' liken, compare].
| |
| ::'''sa hesdila̋' sóma tı̋ı̋þa le̋e̋ta e-e̋sa ne:'''
| |
| :::Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''mőre mĭme̋że m̃ake̋' sóma e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::A horse is bigger than a cow.
| |
|
| |
| *66. '''ṡóta''' denotes position on both sides of something; astraddle, astride [< '''ṡőta''', straddle, bestraddle, bestride].
| |
| ::'''hűsu turős þóla e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The boy perched astraddle the fence.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''lűmlu eȝu-paame̋s þóla e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The wizard sat astride his dragon.
| |
|
| |
| *67. '''súna''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; with, in company with, along with [< '''sűna''', ''t.v.'' accompany].
| |
| ::'''m̃u-pőiku' őra sı̋xam eȝu-orpűm súna e-le̋ida:'''
| |
| :::Our sons played with their cousins all afternoon.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''ṡ̨őƣlu tı̋r eepűm súna sade̋mom e-ka̋da:'''
| |
| :::The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''ii-asűru ɫiirlűm súna e-gaȝa̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The princess began to sing along with the minstrels.
| |
|
| |
| *68. '''šéða''' denotes possessing a special characteristic; characteristic of, with [< '''še̋ða''', ''t.v.'' characterize].
| |
| ::'''mu-ta̋a̋ta miiṡő' šéða m̃ı̋ru e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::My father is the man with the moustache.
| |
|
| |
| *69. '''šóóða''' denotes from one side of an opening to another; through [< '''šőőða''', ''t.v.'' pass-, go-, -through].
| |
| ::'''éȝu tűngom šóóða þűslum e-ȝe̋e̋a:'''
| |
| :::He threw the hammer through the window.
| |
|
| |
| *70. '''ṡ̨óga''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.[< '''ṡ̨őga''', ''t.v.'' exchange].
| |
| ::'''tu-ǧiiȝa̋s ṡ̨óga re̋e̋se:'''
| |
| :::Run for your life!
| |
|
| |
| ::'''mu tu-l̨omős ṡ̨óga tús o tı̋r abe̋lon u-dőőa:'''
| |
| :::I will give you three apples for your bow.
| |
|
| |
| *71. '''tááda''' denotes purpose; for, in order to [< '''ta̋a̋da''', ''t.v.'' do on purpose].
| |
| ::'''m̃us m̃ite̋ra siiga̋s tááda ka̋ltam le̋mu e-pe̋ra:'''
| |
| :::We tried to break down the problem for further study.
| |
|
| |
| *72. '''táɫa''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of [< '''ta̋ɫi''', ''adj.'' right(-hand)].
| |
| ::'''ii-asűru eȝu-taata̋s reeƣűs táɫa e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The princess sat to the right of her father the king.
| |
|
| |
| *73. '''tára''' denotes motion from one side to the other; across, on the other side of, over [< '''ta̋ra''', ''t.v.'' cross].
| |
| ::'''ii-ba̋nlus vőgom tára ṡŭṡ̬őko ðeeős éna e-m̃a̋a̋ða:'''
| |
| :::The washerwomen waded across the stream at its shallowest part.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''tú terős tára se̋dom ðeee̋ȝa:'''
| |
| :::Please put the chair on the other side of the room.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''se̋haþu ṡa̋þmus þőlom tára e-vűga:'''
| |
| :::The defeated troops fled over the bridge.
| |
|
| |
| *74. '''túȝa''' denotes with respect or regard to; in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in [< '''tűȝa''', ''t.v.'' consider].
| |
| ::'''mu tu-miþős túȝa ṡúm̃vi u-kı̋ı̋ra:'''
| |
| :::In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''mu tu-m̃ida̋s túȝa ṡa̋a̋ma:'''
| |
| :::With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''mu—ȝa tu-kőzu tanɠőno dooős túȝa u-se̋ba—ne̋sa:'''
| |
| :::I am sure your wife will be pleased with this mother-of-pearl gift.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''ruunȝara̋s túȝa áulmuþı̋ȝu'''
| |
| :::The Committee on Orthography
| |
|
| |
| ::'''(tú) i-sim̃ős túȝa bŭbőőko ne̋e̋tom ne̋ude:'''
| |
| :::For this stitch, use a heavier thread.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''mu-dőxlu nomvagős túȝa mum e-re̋e̋ga:'''
| |
| :::My teacher helped me with my homework.
| |
|
| |
| ::'''marvőőurlu þűn t̬alős túȝa re̋e̋mu e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The pirate was blind in one eye.
| |
|
| |
| *75. '''þála''' denotes in honor of [< '''þa̋la''', ''t.v.'' honor, award].
| |
| ::'''éȝus ka̋a̋daþu asurűs þála þőlom e-fe̋e̋ta:'''
| |
| :::They named the bridge in honor of the murdered prince.
| |
|
| |
| *76. '''þééxa''' denotes foundation or dependence; based-, depending-, -on [< '''þe̋e̋xa''', ''t.v.'' rest-, be based-, -on].
| |
| ::'''m̃us eȝu-kiirős þééxa da̋rom u-se̋e̋ra:'''
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| :::Depending on his response, we will continue the work.
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|
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| *77. '''þifápa''' denotes at a far distance; far away from [< '''þı̋fi''', ''adj.'' distant; '''a̋pi''', ''adj.'' away].
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| ::'''m̃us i-ǧarős þifápa m̃e̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::We live far away from these mountains.
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|
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| *78. '''þóósa''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with, against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with [< '''þőősa''', ''t.v.'' oppose, face].
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| ::'''vı̋smu őőðlus a̋a̋to ṡűrkom þóósa e̋ru e-ke̋la:'''
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| :::The desperate fugitives had to row against the swift current.
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|
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| ::'''m̃us darı̋s þóósa ṡı̋lantu műdu re̋e̋slum e-na̋ka:'''
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| :::We saw the exhausted runner leaning against the tree.
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|
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| ::'''mu vĭva̋a̋da mu-meda̋s þóósa som kı̋a:'''
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| :::I do this against/contrary to my better judgment.
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|
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| ::'''da̋mu eȝu-damős þóósa na̋a̋rom e-ha̋ȝa:'''
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| :::The patient lost the struggle against his illness.
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|
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| ::'''fűðnaþu eȝu-þamős þóósa fesþa̋mom e-ı̋ga:'''
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| :::The employee asked for an advance against his salary.
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|
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| ::'''dúslatőlu ṡı̋ṡ' uflős þóósa va̋a̋dom że̋e̋na néstu:'''
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| :::The poor child does not yet know good from bad.
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|
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| ::'''mőőm̃aþu da̋a̋rlu da̋rim þóósa e-re̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The dazed workman ran into the tree.
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|
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| ::'''ðűűnom þóósa ȝűðo ṡum̃a̋s fára pe̋e̋kaþo e-ı̋la:'''
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| :::The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.
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|
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| ::'''rı̋ı̋rus asurű' sőtu þóósa e-vűűa:'''
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| :::The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.
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|
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| ::'''ża̋vlu a̋a̋þem ża̋bu tááda gooldarős þóósa da̋rim e-re̋na:'''
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| :::The onlooker climbed the tree opposite the store to look at the fire.
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|
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| ::'''ǧe̋nu (eȝu-)potűs þóósa e-le̋ida:'''
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| :::The woman played opposite her husband.
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|
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| ::'''pűűmus m̃e̋e̋em þóósa na̋a̋m̃om na̋a̋m̃u e-ke̋la:'''
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| :::The explorers had to sail the boat up wind.
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|
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| ::'''eȝu-ȝorűs þóósa ṡa̋tantu e-a̋ha:'''
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| :::He spent the day fighting with his younger brother.
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|
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| ::'''reeƣűs n̨a̋ro godős þóósa kőranþo vŭvűűa:'''
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| :::The picture of the king has been hanging on the wall.
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|
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| *79. '''þóla''' denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing; on both sides of [< '''þőlo''', bridge].
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| ::'''ṡı̋mżo daae̋s þóla e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::The town was on both sides of the river.
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|
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| *80. '''þóna''' denotes assistance; with help [< '''þőna''', ''t.v.'' help, aid].
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| ::'''mu eȝús þóna meedős éna a̋a̋þem e-ǧe̋sa:'''
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| :::I put out the fire in the attic with his help.
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|
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| *81. '''úfa''' denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object; facing [< '''űfa''', ''t.v.'' face, look out on].
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| ::'''alta̋a̋bu ṡı̋ṡu godős úfa e-ṡűra:'''
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| :::The disobedient child stood facing the wall.
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|
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| *82. '''úpa''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively; above, over [< '''űpi''', ''adj.'' upper, higher].
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| ::'''mı̋mlu niimős úpa ve̋e̋mom e-ƣa̋va:'''
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| :::The knight held the sword above his head.
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|
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| ::'''ga̋s' ehe̋rom úpa e-k̬iilpe̋ta:'''
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| :::The osprey hovered over the lake.
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|
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| *83. '''vóóa''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations [< '''vőői''', ''adj.'' both, ambi-].
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| ::'''főőd̬o m̃aat̨őno se̋dos ketős vóóa e-vűűa:'''
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| :::About/On all sides of/All about the living room were twelve wooden chairs.
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|
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| ::'''sevta̋ƣlus íþsada̋rom vóóa e-ma̋la.'''
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| :::The tourists wandered about/around the meat market.
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|
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| ::'''sőtu asűru eȝu-ðuunős vóóa fa̋dom e-de̋ma:'''
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| :::The warlike prince built a wall around his castle.
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|
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| *84. '''xéma''' denotes instrumentality; with, by means of [< '''xe̋mo''', tool].
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| ::'''meðna̋mu siimlős xéma ðűrom lűru e-ma̋ƣa:'''
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| :::By means of a knife the policeman was able to open the door.
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|
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| ::'''ve̋e̋mlu eȝu-veemős xéma n̨e̋tum e-ka̋a̋da:'''
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| :::The swordsman killed the enemy with his sword.
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|
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|
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| [[Senjecas - List of Conjunctions]]
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