Fudasi: Syntax: Difference between revisions

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==Table of Phonemes==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;"
! MOA
! colspan="3" | nasals
|
! colspan="6" | stops
|
! colspan="3" | sibilants
|
! colspan="2" | fricatives
|
! colspan="1" | tap
|
! colspan="3" | affricates
|
! colspan="2" | approximants
|
! colspan="5" | vowels
|-
! IPA
| <center>/m/</center>
| /n/
| /ŋ/
!
| /p/
| /b/
| /t/
| /d/
| /k/ 
| /g/
!
| /s/ (/θ/)
| /z/ (/ð/)
| /ʃ/
!
| /ɸ/
| /h/
!
| /ɾ/ (/ʁ/)
!
| /ʦ/
| /ʧ/
| /ʤ/ 
!
| /j/
| /w/
!
| /i/
| /e/
| /ä/
| /o/
| /u/ (/ɯ/)
|-
! Latin
| m
| n
| ŋ
!
| p
| b
| t
| d
| k 
| g
!
| s
| z
| x
!
| f
| h
!
| r
!
| ṡ
| ċ
| j 
!
| y
| w
!
| i
| e
| a
| o
| u
|}
===Note:===
*Phonemes in parentheses indicate the pronunciation of the southern Nemuti.
==Grammar==
===Word Order - Ċoċu mu Tupu===
*'''001.''' Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
*'''002.''' The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
*'''003.''' The indirect object precedes the direct object.
*'''004.''' The possessive noun follows the head noun.
*'''005.''' Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
*'''006.''' The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
*'''007.''' The adjective follows the dependent verb.
*'''008.''' Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
*'''009.''' The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.
===Verbs - '''Ċeti Tup̨u'''===
*'''010.''' [[Wikipedia:Verb|Verbs]] are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
*'''011.''' Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phoneme]].
*'''012.''' The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: '''nefo''', see.
:::'''Idi ya nefo te ton̨u yo''', I see the clouds.
*'''013.''' The past tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Labialization|labializing]] the first consonant: '''nefo''', see.
:::'''Idi ya ňefo te ton̨u yo''', I see the clouds.
*'''014.''' The future tense is formed by [[Wikipedia:Palatalization|palatalizing]] the first phoneme: '''nefo''', see.
:::'''Idi ya n̨efo te ton̨u yo''', I see the clouds.
*'''015.''' A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, '''te''', to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
:::'''Te nefo se te ṡeso''', Seeing is believing.
*'''016.''' [[Wikipedia:Grammatical mood|Mood]] is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
*'''017.''' The [[Wikipedia:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] is formed with the suffix '''-ne''':
:::'''Imu ya ŋisane idi yo''', She may love me.
*'''018.''' The [[Wikipedia:Imperative mood|imperative]] mood is formed with the suffix '''-te'''.
:::'''Ŋísate idi yo''', Love me.
*'''019.''' The  [[Wikipedia:Hortative|hortative]] and [[Wikipedia:Jussive mood|jussive moods]] are formed with the verb '''wofo''', let, permit.
:::'''Wófote ifa yo te ŋopi''', Let him sing.
*'''020.''' The [[Wikipedia:Conditional mood|conditional]] mood is formed with the particle '''fi''':
:::'''F' idi ya ŋisa ipi yo''', If I love you....
:::'''F' idi ya ŋ̌isa ipi yo''', If I loved you....
*'''021.''' The recent past is formed with the suffix '''-pa''':
:::'''Idi ya néfopa yime yo''', I just saw a crocodile.
*'''022.''' The passive form of the verb is formed with the suffix '''-fa'''; the subject takes the particle '''yo''':
:::'''Te kiki yo ŋísafa''', The mother is loved.
:::'''Te feŋu yo x̌ótofa''', The apple was cooked.
*'''023.''' Sentence negation uses '''-so'''.
:::'''Te ṡuma púyoso''', The boy does not dance.
:::'''Te ṡuma ŋ̒ísaso''', The boy will not love.
**This particle follows any others:
:::'''Te ṡuċu puyoneso mi,''' The girl may not want to dance.
*'''024.''' A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle '''me''' at the end of the sentence:
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo''', I love you.
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa ipi yo me''', Do I love you?
*'''025.''' Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌uzu t' eto''', I was afraid to go.
**A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌uzu dini yo te ziyi''',  I was afraid to touch a toad.
*'''026.''' Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the suffix '''-ri''': '''rehu''', wide.
:::'''Ih̨a ya réhuri te neje yo''', They are widening the road.
:::'''Idi ya ňáċeri ifa yo t' eto''', I ordered him to go.
*'''027.''' The copulative verb ''to be'' is '''se'''.
:::'''Ifa ya se te wako ya''', He is the chief.
:::'''Ifa ya še te pepe ya''', He was the father.
*'''028.''' The existential copula is '''he''', ''there is/are''.
:::'''Butofe he a te tetu''', There is an eagle in the tree.
*'''029.''' ''To be about to'' is translated with the particle '''tufu''':
:::'''Imu ya žita tufu''', She was about to scream.
*'''030.''' ''Must'', ''have to'' is translated with the particle '''miwa''':
:::'''Idi ya zeri miwa tum̨u pim̨a yo''', I have to plant these seeds.
===Nouns - '''Miniŋa Tup̨u'''===
*'''031.''' [[Wikipedia:Noun|Nouns]] are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
*'''032.''' There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
*'''033.''' Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
:::'''xote''', moon; '''xot̨e''', moons.
**If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: '''ho xote''', two rivers.
*'''034.''' Possession is indicated by the possessive particle '''mu''', of.
:::'''Te feŋu mu te tunu''', the child's apple.
:::'''Te iṡe mu te bime''', the man's foot.
*'''035.''' Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix '''-ŋe''':
:::'''neċe''', short; '''neċeŋe''', shortness.
*'''036.''' Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the suffix '''-ŋe''':
:::'''ṡemo''', die; '''ṡemoŋe''', death.
*'''037.''' Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed  with the suffix '''-ṡi''':
:::'''yiti''', young; '''yitiṡi''', youth; '''yit̨iṡi''', youths.
:::'''hofo''', old; '''hofoṡi''', elder; '''hof̨oṡi''', elders.
*'''038.''' The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix '''-ṡi'''.
:::'''ŋopi''', sing; '''ŋopiṡi ''', singer; '''ŋop͑iṡi ''', singers.
*'''039.''' The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed  with the suffix '''-te'''.
:::'''te''', cut; '''tete''', knife; '''t̨ete''', knives.
*'''040.''' Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed with the suffix '''-ŋa'''.
:::'''yifi''', laugh; '''yifiŋa''', laugh, laughter.
*'''041.''' A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the prefixes ''wo-''' and '''ċu-'', respectively: '''puhe''', bird; '''wopuhe''', cock; '''ċupuhe''', hen.
*'''042.''' Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word '''tone''', group.
:::'''te tone puh̨e''', the flock of birds; '''te tone zim̨i''', the school of fish; '''te tone ṡen̨i''', archipelago.
*'''043.''' Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix '''ta-'''.
:::'''te pisa''', the wind; '''te tapisa''', the breeze; '''te tapis̨a''', the breezes.
*'''044.''' Nouns naming the member of a group are formed with the suffix '''-ċe'''.
:::'''zipu''', village; '''zipuċe''', villager.
*'''045.''' Nouns may be used to modify other nouns.
:::'''te wini udiwi''', the mountain stream; '''te wini udiw̨i''', the mountain streams.
*'''046.''' The subject of the verb and the predicate nominative, noun or pronoun, takes the particle '''ya''':
:::'''Te puh̨e ya zoyi ye te tet̨u''', The birds are perching in the trees.
*'''047.'''  The object of the verb, noun or pronoun, takes the particle '''yo''':
:::'''Idi ya bate te nefo uf̨a yo''', I can see them.
===Modifiers - '''Piŋeŋe Tup̨u'''===
*'''048.''' In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
====Adjectives - '''Guṡiŋe Tup̨u'''====
*'''049.''' [[Wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
*'''050.''' Adjectives are placed before the noun: '''te wuṡe ṡuma''', the good boy.
*'''051.''' The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb '''bo''', more.
:::'''yiti''', young; ''' bo yiti''', younger, youngest.
*'''052.''' Negative comparison is formed with the word '''mebo''', less: '''rifoti''', distant; '''mebo rifoti''', less/least distant.
*'''053.''' The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions '''umi...tofi''', as...as; '''ŋiti''', red:
:::'''Tumu kimi se umi ŋiti tofi jeṡu''', This flower is as red as blood.
*'''054.''' [[Wikipedia:Participle|Participles]] are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
*'''055.''' There are two participles in Nemuti.
**'''a.''' The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + '''mu''':
:::'''te ŋuwo mu zimi''', the swimming fish.
**'''b.''' The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + '''mu''':
:::'''te ṡ̬eso mu homa''', the sunken boat.
*'''056.''' Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix '''m(e)-'''.
:::'''pefi''', even; '''mepefi''', uneven.
*'''057.''' The suffix '''-se''' combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
:::'''puhe''', bird; '''puhese''', like a bird.
*'''058.''' Adjectives with the meaning ''without'' are expressed with the prefix '''-miṡe''', -less.
:::'''tegu''', hope; '''tegumiṡe''', hopeless.
*'''059.''' Adjectives may be used as stative verbs by adding the suffix '''-ze''':
:::'''te gute tunu''', the sick child; '''te tunu ǧuteze''', the child was sick.
====Determiners - '''Tapaŋe Tup̨u'''====
*'''060.''' Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, ''etc''. They are placed before the noun.
*'''061.''' The definite article is '''te'''.
*'''062.''' There is no indefinite article.
*'''063.''' The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is '''tumu'''.
:::'''tumu riki''', this leaf; '''tumu rik̨i''', these leaves.
*'''064.''' The distal demonstrative, that/those, is '''zumu'''.
:::'''zumu tonu''', that cloud; '''zumu ton̨u''', those clouds.
*'''065.''' Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
:::'''Ne puz̨e xoto''', Three women are cooking.
**They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
:::'''Tumu puz̨e ne xoto''', These three women are cooking.
*'''066.''' The elective indefinite determiner is '''eye''', ''any''.
*'''067.''' The exisential determiner is '''eṡa''', ''some''.
*'''068.''' The negative determiner is '''mi''', ''no''.
*'''069.''' The distributive determiner is '''wofo''', ''every''.
====Numerals - '''Zoċe'''====
*'''070.''' Nemuti has an octal numeral system.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! <center>1</center>
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
|-
| '''re'''
| '''ho'''
| '''ne'''
| '''wu'''
| '''xo'''
| '''no'''
| '''mi'''
| '''wi'''
|}
*'''071.''' The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! <center>9</center>
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
|-
| '''wire'''
| '''wiho'''
| '''wine'''
| '''wiwu'''
| '''wixo'''
| '''wino'''
| '''wimi'''
|}
*'''072.''' The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to '''wi''', eight.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
! <center>16</center>
! 24
! 32
! 40
! 48
! 56
! 64
|-
| '''howi'''
| '''newi'''
| '''wuwi'''
| '''xowi'''
| '''nawi'''
| '''miwi'''
| '''wiwi'''
|}
*'''073.''' The ordinals are made with the prefix '''be-'''.
:::'''te beho xomi''', the second rope
*'''074.''' The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix '''-te'''.
:::'''hote''', twice; '''wite''', eight times.
====Adverbs - '''Pume Tup̨u'''====
*'''075.''' [[Wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]] are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, ''etc.''
*'''076.''' Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix '''-to'''.
:::'''te wota bima''', the brave man; '''Ifa t̬upuri wótato''', He acted bravely.
*'''077.''' The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; '''wótato''', bravely; '''bo wótato''', more bravely.
===Pronouns - '''Tihiŋe Tup̨u'''===
*'''078.''' [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|Pronouns]] are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
*'''079.''' The personal pronouns are '''idi''', I; '''id̨i''', we; '''ipi''', you (''sg.''); '''ip̨i''', you (''pl.''); '''ifa''', he; '''if̨a''', they; '''imu''', she; '''im̨u''', they; '''ufa''', it; '''uf̨a''', they.
:::'''Idi ya ŋisa imu yo''', I love her.
:::'''Imu ya ŋisa idi yo''', She loves me.
:::'''Idi ya ŋ̌ipa me imu te kimi yo''', I gave her the flower.
**If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
*'''080.''' The interrogative pronouns are '''biha''', ''who''; '''bime''', ''what''; and '''haba''', ''which''.
*'''081.''' The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun '''ċedi''', ''self''.
:::'''Idi ya p̌ina ċedi yo''', I hurt myself.
*'''082.''' The intensive pronouns are formed with the suffix '''-jedi''', ''self''.
:::'''Idijedi n̨iye''', I myself will go.
*'''083.''' The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the appropriate particles.
:::This is a flower, '''Tumu ya se kimi ya.'''
:::Those are leaves, '''Zum̨u ya se rik̨i ya.'''
*'''084.''' The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
:::'''eyemema''', anyone, anybody; '''eyenumu''', anything.
:::'''eṡamema''', someone, somebody; '''eṡanumu''', something.
:::'''mimema''', no one, nobody; '''minumu''', nothing.
*'''085.''' There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using '''m(u)'''. When this phrase is used, the subject particle '''ya''' is omitted.
:::'''Tumu ya se kimi m' ipi, zumu ya se m' idi.''' This is your flower, that is mine.
===Prepositions - '''Tup̨u mu Niki'''===
*'''086.''' Nemuti uses [[Wikipedia:Preposition and postposition|prepositions]], a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
:::'''a te rini''', at the beach.
:::'''Te juto ya se ye te xota''', The cup is on the table.
===Conjunctions - '''Tup̨u mu Taxuŋe'''===
*'''087.''' A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
*'''088.''' In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
*'''089.''' A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
:::'''Te tobe mu idi pu idi ya ċuri wiṡ̨e pu tiṡ̨u yo''', My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
*'''090.''' Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
:::'''Idi n̨iye ju ti te rini ti te win̨i''', I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
*'''091.''' Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
:::'''Ċen' imu guteze, p̌iga ṡepi toċe''', Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
==Octal Table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!<center>1</center>
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
|-
| '''re'''
| '''ho'''
| '''ne'''
| '''wu'''
| '''xo'''
| '''no'''
| '''mi'''
| '''wi'''
|-
!<center>9</center>
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
|-
| '''wire'''
| '''wiho'''
| '''wine'''
| '''wiwu'''
| '''wixo'''
| '''wino'''
| '''wimi'''
| '''howi'''
|-
!<center>17</center>
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
|-
| '''howire'''
| '''howiho'''
| '''howine'''
| '''howiwu'''
| '''howixo'''
| '''howino'''
| '''howimi'''
| '''newi'''
|-
!<center>25</center>
!26
!27
!28
!29
!30
!31
!32
|-
| '''newire'''
| '''newiho'''
| '''newine'''
| '''newiwu'''
| '''newixo'''
| '''newino'''
| '''newimi'''
| '''wuwi'''
|-
!<center>33</center>
!34
!35
!36
!37
!38
!39
!40
|-
| '''wuwire'''
| '''wuwiho'''
| '''wuwine'''
| '''wuwiwu'''
| '''wuwixo'''
| '''wuwino'''
| '''wuwimi'''
| '''xowi'''
|-
!<center>41</center>
!42
!43
!44
!45
!46
!47
!48
|-
| '''xowire'''
| '''xowiho'''
| '''xowine'''
| '''xowiwu'''
| '''xowixo'''
| '''xowino'''
| '''xowimi'''
| '''nowi'''
|-
!<center>49</center>
!50
!51
!52
!53
!54
!55
!56
|-
| '''nowire'''
| '''nowiho'''
| '''nowine'''
| '''nowiwu'''
| '''nowixo'''
| '''nowino'''
| '''nowimi'''
| '''miwi'''
|-
!<center>57</center>
!58
!59
!60
!61
!62
!63
!64
|-
| '''miwire'''
| '''miwiho'''
| '''miwine'''
| '''miwiwu'''
| '''miwixo'''
| '''miwino'''
| '''miwimi'''
| '''wiwi'''
|}

Latest revision as of 07:24, 18 March 2023