Liwadi: Phonology: Difference between revisions
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{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1300px;" | ||
! IPA | ! IPA | ||
! / | ! /p/ | ||
! / | ! /b/ | ||
! / | ! /ɸ/ | ||
! / | ! /β/ | ||
! /t/ | ! /t/ | ||
! /d/ | ! /d/ | ||
! /θ/ | ! /θ/ | ||
! /ð/ | ! /ð/ | ||
! /s/ | ! /s/ | ||
! /z/ | ! /z/ | ||
! /k/ | |||
! /g/ | |||
! /ŋ/ | |||
! /χ/ | |||
! /ɣ/ | |||
! /w/ | |||
! /o/ | |||
! /u/ | |||
! /j/ | ! /j/ | ||
! /i/ | ! /i/ | ||
! / | ! /h/ | ||
! / | ! /m/ | ||
! /n/ | ! /n/ | ||
! /l/ | ! /l/ | ||
! /ɾ/ | ! /ɾ/ | ||
! /ʔ/ | ! /ʔ/ | ||
! /ä/ | |||
! /e/ | |||
! /ɛ/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Latin | ! Latin | ||
| | | P p | ||
| | | B b | ||
| | | ṗ | ||
| | | ḃ | ||
| T t | | T t | ||
| D d | | D d | ||
| ṭ | | ṭ | ||
| ḍ | | ḍ | ||
| S s | | S s | ||
| Z z | | Z z | ||
| K k | |||
| G g | |||
| Ń ń | |||
| ḳ | |||
| ġ | |||
| W w | |||
| O o | |||
| U u | |||
| Y y | | Y y | ||
| I i | | I i | ||
| | | H h | ||
| | | M m | ||
| N n | | N n | ||
| L l | | L l | ||
| R r | | R r | ||
| ʻ | | ʻ | ||
| A a | |||
| E e | |||
| ė | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Arabic | ! Arabic | ||
| {{Color|red| | | {{Color|red|ٮ}}<br>1 | ||
| | | ﺏ | ||
| | | ٺ | ||
| | | ٻ | ||
| {{Color|red|ط}}<br>2 | |||
| {{Color|red|ط}}<br> | |||
| ظ | | ظ | ||
| د | | د | ||
| ذ | | ذ | ||
| {{Color|red|ص}}<br>3 | |||
| {{Color|red|ص}}<br> | |||
| ض | | ض | ||
| {{Color|red|ک}}<br>4 | |||
| ݢ | |||
| گ | |||
| {{Color|red|ٯ}}<br>5 | |||
| ڧ | |||
| {{Color|red|و}}<br>6 | |||
| ۉ | |||
| ۆ | |||
| ي | | ي | ||
| ی | | ی | ||
| {{Color|red| | | {{Color|red|ح}}<br>7 | ||
| | | م | ||
| ن | | ن | ||
| {{Color|red|ل}}<br>8 | | {{Color|red|ل}}<br>8 | ||
| ر | | ر | ||
| ع | | ع | ||
| ا | |||
| ه | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Name | ! Name | ||
| | | Pa<br>ٮا | ||
| | | Ba<br>با | ||
| | | Ṗa<br>ٺا | ||
| | | Ḃa<br>ٻا | ||
| Tal<br>طال | | Tal<br>طال | ||
| Dal<br>ظال | | Dal<br>ظال | ||
| Ṭal<br>رال | | Ṭal<br>رال | ||
| Ḍal<br>زال | | Ḍal<br>زال | ||
| Sad<br>صاط | | Sad<br>صاط | ||
| Zad<br>ضاط | | Zad<br>ضاط | ||
| Kaf<br>کاڡ | |||
| Gaf<br>ݢاڡ | |||
| Ńaf<br>گاڡ | |||
| Ḳa<br>ࢼا | |||
| Ġa<br>ڧا | |||
| Wa<br>وا | |||
| Wo<br>وۉ | |||
| Wu<br>وۆ | |||
| Ya<br>ىا | | Ya<br>ىا | ||
| Yi<br>ىي | | Yi<br>ىي | ||
| | | Ha<br>حا | ||
| | | Mim<br>ميم | ||
| Nun<br>نۆن | | Nun<br>نۆن | ||
| Lam<br>لام | | Lam<br>لام | ||
| Ram<br>رام | | Ram<br>رام | ||
| ʻam<br>عام | | ʻam<br>عام | ||
| Alif<br>الىڡ | |||
| Ye<br>ىه | |||
| Yė<br>ىٰ | |||
|} | |} | ||
* | *There is a semblance of order in that the consonants are ordered according to point of articulation, with letters grouped together by similarity of shape. | ||
*The consonants in {{Color|red|red}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', | *The consonants in {{Color|red|red}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, ''e.g.'', ٮو 16. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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| d /d/ ظ | | d /d/ ظ | ||
| | | | ||
| g /g/ ݢ | | g /g/ ݢ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Fricatives | ! rowspan="2" | Fricatives | ||
! voiceless | ! voiceless | ||
| f /ɸ/ | | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ||
| ṭ /θ/ د | | ṭ /θ/ د | ||
| s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | | s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> | ||
| ḳ / | | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | ||
| h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red| | | h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! voiced | ! voiced | ||
| ḃ /β/ | | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ||
| ḍ /ð/ ذ | | ḍ /ð/ ذ | ||
| z /z/ ض | | z /z/ ض | ||
| ġ / | | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Malay]] Kāf /k/. | *<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Malay]] Kāf /k/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|5 | *<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/induskohistani.htm]. | ||
Revision as of 12:18, 4 January 2023
Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /s/ | /z/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /w/ | /o/ | /u/ | /j/ | /i/ | /h/ | /m/ | /n/ | /l/ | /ɾ/ | /ʔ/ | /ä/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | T t | D d | ṭ | ḍ | S s | Z z | K k | G g | Ń ń | ḳ | ġ | W w | O o | U u | Y y | I i | H h | M m | N n | L l | R r | ʻ | A a | E e | ė |
| Arabic | ٮ 1 |
ﺏ | ٺ | ٻ | ط 2 |
ظ | د | ذ | ص 3 |
ض | ک 4 |
ݢ | گ | ٯ 5 |
ڧ | و 6 |
ۉ | ۆ | ي | ی | ح 7 |
م | ن | ل 8 |
ر | ع | ا | ه | |
| Name | Pa ٮا |
Ba با |
Ṗa ٺا |
Ḃa ٻا |
Tal طال |
Dal ظال |
Ṭal رال |
Ḍal زال |
Sad صاط |
Zad ضاط |
Kaf کاڡ |
Gaf ݢاڡ |
Ńaf گاڡ |
Ḳa ࢼا |
Ġa ڧا |
Wa وا |
Wo وۉ |
Wu وۆ |
Ya ىا |
Yi ىي |
Ha حا |
Mim ميم |
Nun نۆن |
Lam لام |
Ram رام |
ʻam عام |
Alif الىڡ |
Ye ىه |
Yė ىٰ |
- There is a semblance of order in that the consonants are ordered according to point of articulation, with letters grouped together by similarity of shape.
- The consonants in red are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., ٮو 16.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ń /ŋ/ گ 3 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 4 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | |
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | |||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 2 | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | h /h/ ح 5 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | ||
| Sonorants | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ي | |||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [1].
- 3 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [2].
- 4 The Malay Kāf /k/.
- 5 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [3].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ی | u /u/ ۆ 3 | |
| Near-close | |||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 1 | o /o/ ۉ 4 | |
| Open-mid | ė /ɛ/ 2 | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes:
- 1 From the Bosnian alphabet [4].
- 2 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٰ, sė.
- 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
- 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.
Alphabet - Hawak حاواک
- The Liwadi alphabet (hawak حاواک) has 29 graphemes (oń ۉگ) which represent 29 phonemes (nihoń نىحۉگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 17 fundamental consonants are h, w, k, g, ń, t, d, p, b, s, z, y, n, m, l, r and ʻ.
- When the six stop consonants (k, g , t, d, p, b) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By not using diacritics only to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
