Liwadi: Phonology: Difference between revisions
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| ݗ | | ݗ | ||
| {{Color|red|و}}<br>2 | | {{Color|red|و}}<br>2 | ||
| | | ۉ | ||
| ۆ | | ۆ | ||
| {{Color|red|ک}}<br>3 | | {{Color|red|ک}}<br>3 | ||
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| Ġa<br>ݗا | | Ġa<br>ݗا | ||
| Wa<br>وا | | Wa<br>وا | ||
| Wo<br> | | Wo<br>وۉ | ||
| Wu<br>وۆ | | Wu<br>وۆ | ||
| Kaf<br> | | Kaf<br>کاڡ | ||
| Gaf<br> | | Gaf<br>ݢاڡ | ||
| Ńaf<br> | | Ńaf<br>گاڡ | ||
| | | Tal<br>طال | ||
| | | Dal<br>ظال | ||
| | | Ṭal<br>رال | ||
| | | Ḍal<br>زال | ||
| Pa<br>ٮا | | Pa<br>ٮا | ||
| Ba<br>با | | Ba<br>با | ||
| Ṗa<br>ڡا | | Ṗa<br>ڡا | ||
| Ḃa<br>ڢا | | Ḃa<br>ڢا | ||
| | | Sad<br>صاط | ||
| | | Zad<br>ضاط | ||
| Ya<br>ىا | | Ya<br>ىا | ||
| Yi<br>ىي | | Yi<br>ىي | ||
| Line 124: | Line 124: | ||
| Mim<br>ميم | | Mim<br>ميم | ||
| Lam<br>لام | | Lam<br>لام | ||
| | | Ram<br>رام | ||
| | | ʻam<br>عام | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> | *<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Malay]] Kāf /k/. | *<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Malay]] Kāf /k/. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Jawi alphabet|Malay]] Ga /g/. | *<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Jawi alphabet|Malay]] Ga /g/. | ||
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| i /i/ ي | | i /i/ ي | ||
| | | | ||
| u /u/ ۆ <sup>{{Color|red| | | u /u/ ۆ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Near-close | ! Near-close | ||
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| e /e/ ه <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | | e /e/ ه <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | ||
| | | | ||
| o /o/ | | o /o/ ۉ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open-mid | ! Open-mid | ||
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*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bosnian.htm]. | *<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bosnian.htm]. | ||
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, ''e.g.'', صٰ, '''sė'''. | *<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, ''e.g.'', صٰ, '''sė'''. | ||
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*The 17 fundamental consonants are h, w, k, g, ń, t, d, p, b, s, z, y, n, m, l, r and ʻ. | *The 17 fundamental consonants are h, w, k, g, ń, t, d, p, b, s, z, y, n, m, l, r and ʻ. | ||
*When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(k, g , t, d, p, b)]] precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ). | *When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(k, g , t, d, p, b)]] precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ). | ||
*The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By not using diacritics | *The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By not using diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic [[Wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]] has been made into an alphabet. | ||
[[Liwadi: Syntax]] | [[Liwadi: Syntax]] | ||
Revision as of 07:33, 22 November 2021
Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /h/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /w/ | /o/ | /u/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /s/ | /z/ | /j/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /n/ | /m/ | /l/ | /ɾ/ | /ʔ/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | H h | ḳ | ġ | W w | O o | U u | K k | G g | Ń ń | T t | D d | ṭ | ḍ | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | S s | Z z | Y y | I i | E e | ė | A a | N n | M m | L l | R r | ʻ |
| Arabic | ح 1 |
خ | ݗ | و 2 |
ۉ | ۆ | ک 3 |
ݢ | گ | ط 4 |
ظ | د | ذ | ٮ 5 |
ﺏ | ڡ | ڢ | ص 6 |
ض | ی | ي | ه 7 |
ا | ن | م | ل 8 |
ر | ع | |
| Name | Ha حا |
Ḳa خا |
Ġa ݗا |
Wa وا |
Wo وۉ |
Wu وۆ |
Kaf کاڡ |
Gaf ݢاڡ |
Ńaf گاڡ |
Tal طال |
Dal ظال |
Ṭal رال |
Ḍal زال |
Pa ٮا |
Ba با |
Ṗa ڡا |
Ḃa ڢا |
Sad صاط |
Zad ضاط |
Ya ىا |
Yi ىي |
Ye ىه |
Yė ىٰ |
Alif ا |
Nun نۆن |
Mim ميم |
Lam لام |
Ram رام |
ʻam عام |
- The letters are ordered in an arrangement wherein letters are grouped together by similarity of shape.
- The consonants in red are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., ول ,16.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ń /ŋ/ گ 3 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 4 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | |
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ 5 | |||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ڡ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 2 | ḳ /ɣ/ خ | h /h/ ح 6 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ڢ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /χ/ ݗ | ||
| Sonorants | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ی | |||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر |
Notes:
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [1].
- 3 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [2].
- 4 The Malay Kāf /k/.
- 5 The Malay Ga /g/.
- 6 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [3].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ي | u /u/ ۆ 1 | |
| Near-close | |||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 1 | o /o/ ۉ 1 | |
| Open-mid | ė /ɛ/ 2 | ||
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes:
- 1 From the Bosnian alphabet [4].
- 2 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٰ, sė.
Alphabet - Hawak حاواک
- The Liwadi alphabet (hawak حاواک) has 29 graphemes (oń ۄگ) which represent 29 phonemes (nihoń نيحۄگ).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 17 fundamental consonants are h, w, k, g, ń, t, d, p, b, s, z, y, n, m, l, r and ʻ.
- When the six stop consonants (k, g , t, d, p, b) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By not using diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
