Nouns in Vrkhazhian

Vrkhazhian nouns are called ǧimūm (singular ǧimum). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are five cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, and adpositional) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. These genders are not strictly based on sex and the gender of non-human nouns is somewhat unpredictable.

Noun inflection

Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for all five cases. Cases are the forms and suffixes that nouns take when they occur in certain parts of a sentence. The five cases are thus:

• The nominative (NOM) case indicates the subject or agent (doer) of the verb ("Henry runs to the store", "Henry sees Sam").
• The vocative (VOC) case indicates a direct addressee ("Henry, what are you doing?")
• The accusative (ACC) case indicates the object or patient (receiver) of the verb ("Henry sees Sam", "Henry gave Sam a pencil").
• The instrumental (INS) case indicates the theme (given object) or instrument of a ditransitive verb ("Henry gave Sam a pencil", "She showers him with love").
• The adpositional (ADP) case is a rarely used case used to indicate the object of certain adpositions ("under the table", "five minutes ago").

rēbim (man, husband) Singular Plural Nominative rēb-im rēb-īm Vocative rēb-ī Accusative rēb-is rēb-īs Instrumental rēb-ik rēb-īk Adpositional rēb-ī

surğum (chicken) Singular Plural Nominative surğ-um surğ-ūm Vocative surğ-ū Accusative surğ-us surğ-ūs Instrumental surğ-uk surğ-ūk Adpositional surğ-ū

ezîm (boar) Singular Plural Nominative ez-îm Vocative ez-î Accusative ez-îs Instrumental ez-îk Adpositional ez-î

mazûm (sea, saltwater) Singular Plural Nominative maz-ûm Vocative maz-û Accusative maz-ûs Instrumental maz-ûk Adpositional maz-û

Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "noun states". In Vrkhazhian, there are only two states: the governed state, or status rectus, and the construct state, or status constructus. The construct state is used in possessive constructions to mark the head (modified or possessed) noun rather than the dependent (modifying or possessing) noun. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.

rēbim (man, husband) Singular Plural Nominative rēb rēb-ā Vocative Accusative rēb-as rēb-ās Instrumental rēb-ak rēb-āk Adpositional rēb-ā

surğum (chicken) Singular Plural Nominative suruğ surğ-ā Vocative Accusative surğ-as surğ-ās Instrumental surğ-ak surğ-āk Adpositional surğ-ā

ezîm (boar) Singular Plural Nominative ezu ez-â Vocative Oblique ez-âs Instrumental ez-âk Adpositional ez-â

mazûm (sea, saltwater) Singular Plural Nominative mazi maz-â Vocative Accusative maz-âs Instrumental maz-âk Adpositional maz-â

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them: