Nouns in Vrkhazhian: Difference between revisions

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(Undo revision 143629 by Ahzoh (talk))
Line 16: Line 16:
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
  | ''rēb-ī''
  | ''rēb-ī''
|-
! Adpositional
| ''rēb-e'' || ''rēb-ē''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
Line 25: Line 22:
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | ''rēb-ik'' || ''rēb-īk''
  | ''rēb-ik'' || ''rēb-īk''
|-
! Adpositional
| ''rēb-e'' || ''rēb-ē''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 39: Line 39:
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
  | ''surğ-ū''
  | ''surğ-ū''
|-
! Adpositional
| ''surğ-a'' || ''surğ-ā''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
Line 48: Line 45:
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | ''surğ-uk'' || ''surğ-ūk''
  | ''surğ-uk'' || ''surğ-ūk''
|-
! Adpositional
| ''surğ-a'' || ''surğ-ā''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 62: Line 62:
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-î''
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-î''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2" | ''ez-ê''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
Line 71: Line 68:
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-îk''
  | colspan="2" | ''ez-îk''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2" | ''ez-ê''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 85: Line 85:
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-û''
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-û''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2" | ''maz-â''
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
Line 94: Line 91:
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûk''
  | colspan="2" | ''maz-ûk''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2" | ''maz-â''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 110: Line 110:
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="3"| ''rēb'' || rowspan="3" | ''rēb-ā''
  | rowspan="2"| ''rēb'' || rowspan="2" | ''rēb-ā''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
|-
! Adpositional
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
Line 121: Line 119:
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | ''rēb-ak'' || ''rēb-āk''
  | ''rēb-ak'' || ''rēb-āk''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2"| ''rēb-ā''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 131: Line 132:
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="3"| ''suruğ'' || rowspan="3" | ''surğ-ā''
  | rowspan="2"| ''suruğ'' || rowspan="2" | ''surğ-ā''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
|-
! Adpositional
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
Line 142: Line 141:
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | ''surğ-ak'' || ''surğ-āk''
  | ''surğ-ak'' || ''surğ-āk''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2"| ''surğ-ā''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 152: Line 154:
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="3"| ''ezu'' || rowspan="3" | ''ez-â''
  | rowspan="2"| ''ezu'' || rowspan="2" | ''ez-â''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
|-
! Adpositional
  |-
  |-
  ! Oblique
  ! Oblique
Line 163: Line 163:
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | colspan="2"| ''ez-âk''
  | colspan="2"| ''ez-âk''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2"| ''ez-â''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}
Line 173: Line 176:
  |-
  |-
  ! Nominative
  ! Nominative
  | rowspan="3"| ''mazi'' || rowspan="3" | ''maz-â''
  | rowspan="2"| ''mazi'' || rowspan="2" | ''maz-â''
  |-
  |-
  ! Vocative
  ! Vocative
|-
! Adpositional
  |-
  |-
  ! Accusative
  ! Accusative
Line 184: Line 185:
  ! Instrumental
  ! Instrumental
  | colspan="2"| ''maz-âk''
  | colspan="2"| ''maz-âk''
|-
! Adpositional
| colspan="2"| ''maz-â''
  |-
  |-
  |}
  |}

Revision as of 12:34, 26 October 2021

Vrkhazhian nouns are called ǧimūm (singular ǧimum). They are declined for case, gender, and number. Specifically there are five cases (nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, and adpositional) and two numbers (singular and plural). Additionally, Vrkhazhian has two grammatical genders: masculine and feminine. These genders are not strictly based on sex and the gender of non-human nouns is somewhat unpredictable.

Noun inflection

Imperial Vrkhazhian nouns are declined for all five cases. The nominative case indicates the subject or agent of the verb while the accusative case indicates the object or patient of the verb. The instrumental case indicates the theme or instrument of a ditransitive verb, as well as the possessor of another noun.

rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb-im rēb-īm
Vocative rēb-ī
Accusative rēb-is rēb-īs
Instrumental rēb-ik rēb-īk
Adpositional rēb-e rēb-ē
surğum (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative surğ-um surğ-ūm
Vocative surğ-ū
Accusative surğ-us surğ-ūs
Instrumental surğ-uk surğ-ūk
Adpositional surğ-a surğ-ā
ezîm (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative ez-îm
Vocative ez-î
Accusative ez-îs
Instrumental ez-îk
Adpositional ez-ê
mazûm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative maz-ûm
Vocative maz-û
Accusative maz-ûs
Instrumental maz-ûk
Adpositional maz-â

Noun states

Nouns are also considered to be placed into what are called "states". There are two states: the governed state, or status rectus, and the construct state, or status constructus. The construct state is used in genitive constructions to mark the head noun (possessed noun), while the oblique case is used to mark the dependent (modifying) noun. The construct state is also used to mark the predicate of a nominal sentence. Nouns that that are not placed in the construct state are considered to be in the governed state, which is the default state of all nouns.

rēbim (man, husband)
Singular Plural
Nominative rēb rēb-ā
Vocative
Accusative rēb-as rēb-ās
Instrumental rēb-ak rēb-āk
Adpositional rēb-ā
surğum (chicken)
Singular Plural
Nominative suruğ surğ-ā
Vocative
Accusative surğ-as surğ-ās
Instrumental surğ-ak surğ-āk
Adpositional surğ-ā
ezîm (boar)
Singular Plural
Nominative ezu ez-â
Vocative
Oblique ez-âs
Instrumental ez-âk
Adpositional ez-â
mazûm (sea, saltwater)
Singular Plural
Nominative mazi maz-â
Vocative
Accusative maz-âs
Instrumental maz-âk
Adpositional maz-â

Noun derivation

Vrkhazhian nouns are mostly derived from verbs and there are numerous ways to derive nouns from them:

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