Cernelian/3rd declension: Difference between revisions
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[[Cernelian/Nominals|Nominals]] ending in soft ''-∅''. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in ''-i'' which transparent in vowel harmony (''łólcho'' "in the stupid one" vs. ''nirsze'' "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The only remnant of e-stem here is the nominative (incl. accusative and vocative) plurals. | [[Cernelian/Nominals|Nominals]] ending in soft ''-∅''. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in ''-i'' which transparent in vowel harmony (''łólcho'' "in the stupid one" vs. ''nirsze'' "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The only remnant of e-stem here is the nominative (incl. accusative and vocative) plurals. | ||
There is slight irregularity in the singular ablative form, e.g. ''**tućsto'' is simplified to ''tucto''. Before the ending, the sequences ''**-ćs-'', ''**-dźs-'' are simplified to ''-c-'', while ''**-śćs-'' and ''**-źdźs-'' are simplified to ''-js-''. Alongside those, sequences ''**-czs-'', ''**-szs-'' and ''**-żs-'' are also simplified to ''-c-'' (the first one) and ''-s-'' (the last two) as well. | |||
== Type 3A == | == Type 3A == | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Locative | ! colspan="2" | Locative | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''- | | style="background:#ddd" | ''-sze'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-isze'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Ablative | ! colspan="2" | Ablative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Instrumental | ! colspan="2" | Instrumental | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''- | | style="background:#ddd" | ''-nie'' | ||
| ''- | | ''-inie'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Vocative | ! colspan="2" | Vocative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tuć''' | | style="background:#ddd" | ''tuć'''sze''''' | ||
| ''tuc''' | | ''tuc'''isze''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''tuć''' | | style="background:#ddd" | ''tuć'''nie''''' | ||
| ''tuc''' | | ''tuc'''inie''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
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| style="background:#ddd" | ''tuc'''ie''''' | | style="background:#ddd" | ''tuc'''ie''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== Type 3B == | |||
Nominals with stems ending in ''-c'', ''-cz'', ''-dz'', ''-dż'', ''-rz'', ''-sz'', and ''-ż''. It has back vowel harmony. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
! Singular | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Nominative | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''-∅'' | |||
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ddd" | ''-e'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Accusative | |||
! Inanimate | |||
|- | |||
! Animate | |||
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ddd" | ''-ę'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Genitive | |||
| ''-edzię'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Dative | |||
| ''-ą'' | |||
| ''-ą'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Locative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-sze'' | |||
| ''-ysze'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Ablative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-sto'' | |||
| ''-ysto'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Instrumental | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-nie'' | |||
| ''-ynie'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | Vocative | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-sze'' | |||
| style="background:#ddd" | ''-e'' | |||
|} | |||
Revision as of 02:17, 22 October 2021
Nominals ending in soft -∅. Because in Proto-Finnic this type ends in -i which transparent in vowel harmony (łólcho "in the stupid one" vs. nirsze "in the dull one"), it split into four subtypes. While in other Finnic languages e-stem is more alive, i-stem is much alive here and the e-stem of 3rd declension simply died. The only remnant of e-stem here is the nominative (incl. accusative and vocative) plurals.
There is slight irregularity in the singular ablative form, e.g. **tućsto is simplified to tucto. Before the ending, the sequences **-ćs-, **-dźs- are simplified to -c-, while **-śćs- and **-źdźs- are simplified to -js-. Alongside those, sequences **-czs-, **-szs- and **-żs- are also simplified to -c- (the first one) and -s- (the last two) as well.
Type 3A
Nominals with stems ending in -b, -ć, -dź, -j, -m, -ń, -p, -ś, -w, and -ź (all letters containing acute accent like -dź always written -Ci(V)- before vowels). It has back vowel harmony.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -∅ | -ie | |
| Accusative | Inanimate | ||
| Animate | -ię | ||
| Genitive | -iedzię | ||
| Dative | -ią | -ią | |
| Locative | -sze | -isze | |
| Ablative | -sto | -isto | |
| Instrumental | -nie | -inie | |
| Vocative | -cho | -ie | |
Examples:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | tuć | tucie |
| Accusative | tucię | |
| Genitive | tuciedzię | |
| Dative | tucią | tucią |
| Locative | tućsze | tucisze |
| Ablative | tucto | tucisto |
| Instrumental | tućnie | tucinie |
| Vocative | tućcho | tucie |
Type 3B
Nominals with stems ending in -c, -cz, -dz, -dż, -rz, -sz, and -ż. It has back vowel harmony.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -∅ | -e | |
| Accusative | Inanimate | ||
| Animate | -ę | ||
| Genitive | -edzię | ||
| Dative | -ą | -ą | |
| Locative | -sze | -ysze | |
| Ablative | -sto | -ysto | |
| Instrumental | -nie | -ynie | |
| Vocative | -sze | -e | |
