Cernelian/Phonetics and orthography: Difference between revisions
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! | ! Plosive | ||
| {{IPA|/p b/}} | | {{IPA|/p b/}} | ||
| {{IPA|/pʲ bʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/pʲ bʲ/}} | ||
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| {{IPA|/k ɡ/}} | | {{IPA|/k ɡ/}} | ||
| {{IPA|/kʲ ɡʲ/}} | | {{IPA|/kʲ ɡʲ/}} | ||
| {{IPA|/ʔ/}} | | ({{IPA|/ʔ/}}) | ||
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! Affricate | ! Affricate | ||
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Unlike Polish, Cernelian has the phoneme {{IPA|/ʔ/}} that arose between vowels to avoid hiatus (''jeócmie'' {{IPA|/jɛˈʔutsmʲjɛ/}} "if we share"), but this was actually not phonemic. | |||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
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Cernelian reflects limited vowel harmony between the vowels ''-o-'' (back) and ''-e-'' (front), otherwise the Proto-Finnic vowel harmonies ''*o'' : ''*ö'' displaced by Cernelian ''o'' : ''e'', and ''*u'' : ''*y'' become Proto-Cernelian yers ''*ъ'' and ''*ь'' that often deleted in some positions. | Cernelian reflects limited vowel harmony between the vowels ''-o-'' (back) and ''-e-'' (front), otherwise the Proto-Finnic vowel harmonies ''*o'' : ''*ö'' displaced by Cernelian ''o'' : ''e'', and ''*u'' : ''*y'' become Proto-Cernelian yers ''*ъ'' and ''*ь'' that often deleted in some positions. | ||
The nasal vowels become {{IPA|/ɛn, ɔn/}} before plosives and affricates, {{IPA|/ɛm, ɔm/}} before labials, {{IPA|/ɛŋ, ɔŋ/}} before post-alveolars and velars, {{IPA|/ɛɲ, ɔɲ/}} before alveo-palatals, and {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ/}} before ''l'' or ''ł'' and word-finally in the case of ''ę''. | |||
=== Stress === | |||
Like Polish, Cernelian words are almost always stressed in penultimate (second-from-last) syllable. However, some conservative eastern dialects has phonemic stress. | |||
== Orthography == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Vowels | |||
! Letter | |||
! IPA value | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨A a⟩ | |||
| {{IPA|/a/}} | |||
|- | |||
| ⟨Ą ą⟩ | |||
| {{IPA|/ɔ̃/}} (see above) | |||
|} | |||
Revision as of 00:41, 11 October 2021
Phonetics
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Post-alveolar | Alveo-palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Palatal | Plain | Palatal | |||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /mʲ/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |||
| Plosive | /p b/ | /pʲ bʲ/ | /t d/ | /k ɡ/ | /kʲ ɡʲ/ | (/ʔ/) | ||
| Affricate | /t͡s d͡z/ | /t͡ʂ d͡ʐ/ | /t͡ɕ d͡ʑ/ | |||||
| Fricative | /f v/ | /fʲ vʲ/ | /s z/ | /ʂ ʐ/ | /ɕ ʑ/ | /x/ | /xʲ/ | |
| Tap | /r/ | |||||||
| Approximant | /l/ | /j/ | /w/ | |||||
Unlike Polish, Cernelian has the phoneme /ʔ/ that arose between vowels to avoid hiatus (jeócmie /jɛˈʔutsmʲjɛ/ "if we share"), but this was actually not phonemic.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | /ɨ/ | /u/ | |
| Mid | Plain | /ɛ/ | /ɔ/ | |
| Nasal | /ɛ̃/ | /ɔ̃/ | ||
| Open | /a/ | |||
Cernelian reflects limited vowel harmony between the vowels -o- (back) and -e- (front), otherwise the Proto-Finnic vowel harmonies *o : *ö displaced by Cernelian o : e, and *u : *y become Proto-Cernelian yers *ъ and *ь that often deleted in some positions.
The nasal vowels become /ɛn, ɔn/ before plosives and affricates, /ɛm, ɔm/ before labials, /ɛŋ, ɔŋ/ before post-alveolars and velars, /ɛɲ, ɔɲ/ before alveo-palatals, and /ɛ, ɔ/ before l or ł and word-finally in the case of ę.
Stress
Like Polish, Cernelian words are almost always stressed in penultimate (second-from-last) syllable. However, some conservative eastern dialects has phonemic stress.
Orthography
| Letter | IPA value |
|---|---|
| ⟨A a⟩ | /a/ |
| ⟨Ą ą⟩ | /ɔ̃/ (see above) |
