User:Bukkia/sandboxII: Difference between revisions
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| '''*liːloṕ''' <br><small>''to see''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lop ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîp || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸ- || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloč || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řiroš- || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līluš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjuš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrus || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līluš || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕ | | '''*liːloṕ''' <br><small>''to see''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| lī́lop ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| lîp || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ʎiloɸ- || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| līloč || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| řiroš- || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| līluš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| ləjuš || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| rīrus || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| līluš || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| līloṕ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''*ɬæɬe''' <br><small>''sun''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wɑwe <br><small>''fire''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| é <br><small>''fire''</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| væbɛ <br><small>''fire''</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| lɛh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rwe || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| bjɛli || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| beĺ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| b́äri || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| vjɛli || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ləle | | '''*ɬæɬe''' <br><small>''sun''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wɑwe <br><small>''fire''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| é <br><small>''fire''</small> || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| væbɛ <br><small>''fire''</small> || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| lɛh || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rwe || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| bjɛli || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| beĺ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| b́äri || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| vjɛli || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| ləle<br><small>''sunlight''</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''*ɬime''' <br><small>''world, earth''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wime ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ím || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| vimɛ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| lim || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rim || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| wiwmi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| əjḿ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wümi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| viwmi || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| liəme | | '''*ɬime''' <br><small>''world, earth''</small> ||style="background-color:#FFD482;"| wime ||style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| ím || style="background-color:#FFF3D7;"| vimɛ || style="background-color:#83FF82;"| lim || style="background-color:#D9FFCD;"| rim || style="background-color:#BDF6F9;"| wiwmi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| əjḿ || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| wümi || style="background-color:#EBFFF7;"| viwmi || style="background-color:#FFBBE9;"| liəme | ||
Revision as of 06:49, 21 September 2021
Piti language family:
- *Proto-Piti†
- Kī́rtako†
- Iðâɣ
- Lændixu
- ancient Figo†
- modern Figo
- Biwdiw†
- Gəjlnigu
- Cärähə
- Viwdiwgu
- Jeʂtəra†
- Kī́rtako†
Special letters
- Proto-Piti: ʔ ŋ ɬ ṕ ḱ t́ ɳ ʂ ʈ χ ʰ æ ː
- Kī́rtako: ʔ š ñ ɣ ā́ ḗ ī́ ṓ ū́ ā̀ ḕ ī̀ ṑ ū̀ ɑ
- Iðâɣ: š ð ɣ ɸ β ç č ə à á â ǎ è é ê ě ì í î ǐ ò ó ô ǒ ù ú û ǔ
- Lændixu: ñ ʎ θ ɸ č ž š ç æ ɛ ‘
- ancient Figo: ɕ č š θ ň ə ɛ ā ē ī ō ū
- modern Figo: š ž č ǧ ç ň ř θ ɣ ə ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ ə̃
- Biwdiw: ʈ ʂ š ž č ç ǰ ň ʎ ɛ ā ē ī ō ū
- Gəjlnigu: ṕ ḱ t́ b́ ǵ d́ ć ḿ ń ŕ ĺ ś ź v́ h́ č ǧ ǰ š ž ň ʎ ə ɔ
- Cärähə: ṕ ḱ t́ b́ ǵ d́ ć ḿ ń ŕ ś h́ x́ ǰ ç ɟ ɕ ī ə ä ü ő ö
- Viwdiwgu: č ǧ š ž ň ɣ ç ʝ ṡ ɛ ä ü ő ö ə ā ī ō ū
- Jeʂtəra: ʔ ṕ ḱ t́ ʂ ʈ ð ɳ ə ā ē ī ō ū
Numbers
| Number | Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Iðâɣ | Lændixu | ancient Figo |
modern Figo |
Biwdiw | Gəjlnigu | Cärähə | Viwdiwgu | Jeʂtəra |
| 1 | *ʂaːʔo | šā́ʔo | šâ | šæf | ɕōw | šwov | ʂāhu | šaw | xahə | ṡāhu | ʂāʔo |
| 2 | *ʔaki | ʔaki | áɣi | æx‘ | ogi | ug | hɛgi | eǵ | hähi | hɛɣi | ʔakiə |
| 3 | *mikoː | mikṓ | miɣò | mixow | migō | miɣwo | miwgō | məjgɔ | mügo | miwgō | miəkō |
| 4 | *ŋoːɬe | gṓwe | gô | gowbɛ | nōh | nwoh | gōli | gɔĺ | gori | gōli | gōle |
| 5 | *ṕaːŋe | pā́ge | pâ | pæžɛ | čon | šwõ | šāgi | haǵ | sehi | šāɣi | ṕāge |
| 6 | *tʰuːɬa | thū́wa | hû | uba | θūha | fwa | tūle | tɔj | türä | tūlɛ | ðūla |
| 7 | *χaʂæ | hašɑ | áša | haša | hoɕe | hoše | xɛšɛ | heže | xäsä | xɛžɛ | haʂə |
| 8 | *ḱuʔe | kuʔe | kù | kuj | šu | fu | čuhi | čuj | cuhi | čuhi | ḱəwʔe |
| 9 | *ʈoːju | tsṓju | sô | coju | cōju | čwi | ʈōǰu | cɔǧo | ɕoçə | tsōǧu | ʈōjəw |
| 10 | *pʰeːʔo | phḗʔo | çê | few | fēw | fjev | pēhu | pejo | pehə | pihu | fēʔo |
| 100 | *ɳaːt́u | ñā́tu | náðu | ñæθu | ňōšu | ňwož | ňācju | ňacco | naćə | ňācju | ɳāt́əw |
| 1000 | *ɬiʔaː | wiʔā́ | ên* | vjæ | liā | ria | wiwhā | iva | wüha | viwhā | liəʔā |
Vocabulary
| Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Iðâɣ | Lændixu | ancient Figo |
modern Figo |
Biwdiw | Gəjlnigu | Cärähə | Viwdiwgu | Jeʂtəra |
| *ertu thou you (sing.) |
ertu | étu | ercu1 | ertu | ert | irdju | əjddo | ird́ə | irdju | ertəw |
| *jaŋe sheep |
jage | ja goat |
jažɛ | jon | jõ | çɛgi | xeǵ | çähi | çɛɣi | jage |
| *jæɬoː night |
jɑwṓ | jǒ | jæbow | jɛhō | wewo | čɛlō | čɔ | cäro | čɛlō | jəlō |
| *kit́a sky, heaven |
kita | kiðe | kiθa | kiša | kiža | giwcɛ | gəjce | güɟä | giwcɛ | kiət́a |
| *lelu sister |
lelu | le | lɛlu | lelu | rer | liʎu | liho | riŕə | liʝu | leləw |
| *liːloṕ to see |
lī́lop | lîp | ʎiloɸ- | līloč | řiroš- | līluš | ləjuš | rīrus | līluš | līloṕ |
| *ɬæɬe sun |
wɑwe fire |
é fire |
væbɛ fire |
lɛh | rwe | bjɛli | beĺ | b́äri | vjɛli | ləle sunlight |
| *ɬime world, earth |
wime | ím | vimɛ | lim | rim | wiwmi | əjḿ | wümi | viwmi | liəme |
| *ɬiːro man, human male |
wī́ro | îrə | vjiru | līru | řir | wīru | əjro | wīrə | vīru | līro |
| *ɬoṕeː life |
wopḗ | óβé | voɸi | ločē | rošje | wušē | ɔžej | wüse | wuši | loṕē |
| *ɬoṕeːs to live |
wopḗs | óβés | voɸes- | ločēs | rošjes- | wušēs | ɔžejs | wüses | wušis | loṕēs |
| *muːke bovine |
mū́ke cow |
múɣ cow |
mučɛ cow |
mūg ox |
mog ox |
mūgi cow |
mɔǵ cow |
mühi cow |
mūɣi cow |
mūke bull |
| *naːjo pure, clean |
nā́jo | nâ | næju | nōju | nwoj | nāǰu | naǧo | naçə | nāǧu | nājo |
| *ɳakʰe star |
ñakhe | na | ñahɛ | ňoh | ňoh | ňɛki | ňeḱ | näki | ňɛki | ɳaxe |
| *papu father |
papu | paβu | paɸu | pobu | ob divine father |
bɛbju | bevvo | bäb́ə | vɛvju | papəw |
| *ṕaːtæ leader |
pā́tɑ | páða | pæθa | čōde commander |
šwode governor |
šadjɛ | hadde | sed́ä | šadjɛ | ṕātə |
| *ṕiḱe water |
pike | piɣ | pičɛ | čiš | ših | šiwči | həjč | süci | šiwči | ṕiəḱe |
| *pʰætʰoːɬ to fly |
phɑthṓw | çaðô* | fowb- | fɛθōl | fweθwo- | pjɛtōw | petɔ* | ṕőw | pjɛtow | fəðōl |
| *sopa dog |
sopa | soβe | soɸa | soba | soba | subɛ | huve | subä | suvɛ | sopa |
| *soːŋo house, home |
sṓgo | soɣə | sowgu | sōnu | swõ | sōgu | hɔgo | sohə | sōgu | sōgo |
| *sæɳo light (n.) |
sɑño | sanə | sænu | sɛňu | sweň | sjɛňu | heňo | śänə | sjɛňu | səɳo |
| *ʂaː who |
šā́ | šá | šæ- | ɕō | šwo | ʂā | ša | xa | ṡā | ʂā |
| *ʂuːri big, great |
šū́ri | šúri | sur‘ | ɕūri | šor | ʂūriw | šɔrəj | xorü | ṡūriw | ʂūriə |
| *tita name |
tita | tiðe surname |
tiθa | tida | tida | diwdɛ surname |
dəjde peerage, noble title |
düdä bloodline, lineage |
diwdɛ family |
tiəta |
| *tʰiːka foot |
thī́ka | híɣe | jixa | θīga | fjiɣa | tīgɛ | təjge | tīhä | tīɣɛ | ðīka |
| *ʈæŋeɬ to say, to talk to speak |
tsɑgew | sâ* | cæžɛb- | cɛnəl to say |
čweh- to say |
cɛgiw | cegəj* | ɕähü* | tsɛɣiw | ʈəgel to say |
| *ʔaḱoː air, wind |
ʔakṓ air |
áɣó air |
æxow air |
ošō wind |
ožwo wind |
hɛčō air |
ečɔ air |
haco air |
hɛčō air |
ʔaḱō wind |
| *ʔæɳ to be |
ʔɑñ | án | - | ɛn* | wẽ-* | çɛň | heň there is |
cän | çɛň there is |
ʔəɳ |
| **ʔiːs negative root |
ʔī́s negative verb |
- | jis not |
īs negative verb |
-s negative desinence |
hīs negative verb |
əjs not |
- | hīs negative verb |
ʔīs not |
| *1111 xxxx |
2222 xxxx |
5555 xxxx |
6666 xxxx |
3333 xxxx |
7777 xxxx |
4444 xxxx |
8888 xxxx |
9999 xxxx |
0000 xxxx |
4444 xxxx |
- forms marked with * are irregulary derived or have other severly irregular forms.
- 1 This form is deemed as archaic and not used in everday spoken language.
Morphology
Nouns
Singular
Animate noun:
| Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Biwdiw | |
| agentive | *sopali | sopali | subɛliw |
| passive | *sopa | sopa | subɛ |
| ablative | *sopaʂu | sopašu | subɛšu |
| genitive | *sopara | sopara | subɛrɛ |
| terminative | *sopaχæ | sopaɣɑ | subɛxjɛ |
| causative | *sopakʰu | sopakhu | subɛku |
| instrumental | *- | - | - |
| abessive | *- | - | - |
| locative | *- | - | - |
| Proto-Piti | a. Figo | Jeʂtəra | |
| agentive | *sopali | sobali | sopaliə |
| passive | *sopa | soba | sopa |
| ablative | *sopaʂu | sobaɕu | - |
| genitive | *sopara | - | sopara |
| terminative | *sopaχæ | sobahe | sopaxə |
| causative | *sopakʰu | sobaxu | sopaxəw |
| instrumental | *- | - | - |
| abessive | *- | - | - |
| locative | *- | - | - |
Inanimate noun:
| Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Biwdiw | |
| agentive | *- | - | - |
| passive | *soːŋo | sṓgo | sōgu |
| ablative | *soːŋoʂu | sṓgošu | sōgušu |
| genitive | *- | - | - |
| terminative | *soːŋoχæ | sṓgoɣɑ | sōguxjɛ |
| causative | *soːŋokʰu | sṓgokhu | sōguku |
| instrumental | *soːŋokʰæ | sṓgokhɑ | sōgukjɛ |
| abessive | *soːŋoŋil | sṓgogil | - |
| locative | *soːŋoʈar | sṓgotsar | - |
| Proto-Piti | a. Figo | Jeʂtəra | |
| agentive | *- | - | - |
| passive | *soːŋo | sōnu | sōgo |
| ablative | *soːŋoʂu | sōnoɕu | - |
| genitive | *- | - | sōgora* |
| terminative | *soːŋoχæ | sōnohe | sōgoxə |
| causative | *soːŋokʰu | sōnoxu | sōgoxəw |
| instrumental | *soːŋokʰæ | sōnoxe | - |
| abessive | *soːŋoŋil | - | sōgogiəl |
| locative | *soːŋoʈar | sōnocar | - |
Plural
Animate noun:
| Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Biwdiw | |
| agentive | *sopanoli | sopanoli | subɛnuliw |
| passive | *sopano | sopano | subɛnu |
| ablative | *sopanoʂu | sopanošu | subɛnušu |
| genitive | *sopanora | sopanora | subɛnurɛ |
| terminative | *sopanoχæ | sopanoɣɑ | subɛnuxjɛ |
| causative | *sopanokʰu | sopanokhu | subɛnuku |
| instrumental | *- | - | - |
| abessive | *- | - | - |
| locative | *- | - | - |
| Proto-Piti | a. Figo | Jeʂtəra | |
| agentive | *sopalino | sobalinu | sopaliəno |
| passive | *sopano | sobanu | sopano |
| ablative | *sopaʂuno | sobaɕunu | - |
| genitive | *soparano | - | soparano |
| terminative | *sopaχæno | sobahenu | sopaxəno |
| causative | *sopakʰuno | sobaxunu | sopaxəwno |
| instrumental | *- | - | - |
| abessive | *- | - | - |
| locative | *- | - | - |
Inanimate noun:
| Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Biwdiw | |
| agentive | *- | - | - |
| passive | *soːŋono | sṓgono | sōgunu |
| ablative | *soːŋonoʂu | sṓgonošu | sōgunušu |
| genitive | *- | - | - |
| terminative | *soːŋonoχæ | sṓgonoɣɑ | sōgunuxjɛ |
| causative | *soːŋonokʰu | sṓgonokhu | sōgunuku |
| instrumental | *soːŋonokʰæ | sṓgonokhɑ | sōgunukjɛ |
| abessive | *soːŋonoŋil | sṓgonogil | - |
| locative | *soːŋonoʈar | sṓgonotsar | - |
| Proto-Piti | a. Figo | Jeʂtəra | |
| agentive | *- | - | - |
| passive | *soːŋono | sōnonu | sōgono |
| ablative | *soːŋoʂuno | sōnoɕunu | - |
| genitive | *- | - | sōgorano* |
| terminative | *soːŋoχæno | sōnohenu | sōgoxəno |
| causative | *soːŋokʰuno | sōnoxunu | sōgoxəwno |
| instrumental | *soːŋokʰæno | sōnoxenu | - |
| abessive | *soːŋoŋilno | - | sōgogiəlno |
| locative | *soːŋoʈarno | sōnocarnu | - |
Dual
| Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Biwdiw | |
| agentive | *sopaʔili | - | subɛhiwliw |
| passive | *sopaʔi | - | subɛhiw |
| ablative | *sopaʔiʂu | - | subɛhiwšu |
| genitive | *sopaʔira | - | subɛhiwrɛ |
| terminative | *sopaʔiχæ | - | subɛhiwxjɛ |
| causative | *sopaʔikʰu | - | subɛhiwku |
| instrumental | *- | - | - |
| abessive | *- | - | - |
| locative | *- | - | - |
| Proto-Piti | a. Figo | Jeʂtəra | |
| agentive | *sopaliʔi | sobalī | - |
| passive | *sopaʔi | sobaj | - |
| ablative | *sopaʂuʔi | sobaɕuj | - |
| genitive | *soparaʔi | - | - |
| terminative | *sopaχæʔi | sobahej | - |
| causative | *sopakʰuʔi | sobaxuj | - |
| instrumental | *- | - | - |
| abessive | *- | - | - |
| locative | *- | - | - |
Inanimate noun:
| Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Biwdiw | |
| agentive | *- | - | - |
| passive | *soːŋoʔi | - | sōguhiw |
| ablative | *soːŋoʔiʂu | - | sōguhiwšu |
| genitive | *- | - | - |
| terminative | *soːŋoʔiχæ | - | sōguhiwxjɛ |
| causative | *soːŋoʔikʰu | - | sōguhiwku |
| instrumental | *soːŋoʔikʰæ | - | sōguhiwkjɛ |
| abessive | *soːŋoʔiŋil | - | - |
| locative | *soːŋoʔiʈar | - | - |
| Proto-Piti | a. Figo | Jeʂtəra | |
| agentive | *- | - | - |
| passive | *soːŋoʔi | sōnoj | - |
| ablative | *soːŋoʂuʔi | sōnoɕuj | - |
| genitive | *- | - | - |
| terminative | *soːŋoχæʔi | sōnohej | - |
| causative | *soːŋokʰuʔi | sōnoxuj | - |
| instrumental | *soːŋokʰæʔi | sōnoxej | - |
| abessive | *soːŋoŋilʔi | - | - |
| locative | *soːŋoʈarʔi | sōnocari | - |
Kī́rtako languages
Animate noun:
| Kī́rtako | Iðâɣ | Lændixu | |||
| agentive | sopali | - | - | direct | soɸal‘ |
| passive | sopa | direct | soβe | vocative | soɸa |
| ablative | sopašu | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | sopara | genitive | soβere | - | - |
| terminative | sopaɣɑ | - | - | oblique | soɸaha |
| causative | sopakhu | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | - | instrumental | - | - | - |
| abessive | - | - | - | - | - |
| locative | - | locative | - | - | - |
| agentive | sopanoli | - | - | direct | soɸanol‘ |
| passive | sopano | direct | soβenə | vocative | soɸanu |
| ablative | sopanošu | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | sopanora | genitive | soβenore | - | - |
| terminative | sopanoɣɑ | - | - | oblique | soɸanoha |
| causative | sopanokhu | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | - | instrumental | - | - | - |
| abessive | - | - | - | - | - |
| locative | - | locative | - | - | - |
Inanimate noun:
| Kī́rtako | Iðâɣ | Lændixu | |||
| agentive | - | - | - | direct | sowgul‘* |
| passive | sṓgo | direct | soɣə | vocative | sowgu |
| ablative | sṓgošu | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | - | genitive | soɣəre* | - | - |
| terminative | sṓgoɣɑ | - | - | oblique | sowguha |
| causative | sṓgokhu | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | sṓgokhɑ | instrumental | soɣəxə | - | - |
| abessive | sṓgogil | - | - | - | - |
| locative | sṓgotsar | locative | soɣəsah | - | - |
| agentive | - | - | - | direct | sowgunol‘* |
| passive | sṓgono | direct | soɣənə | vocative | sowgunu |
| ablative | sṓgonošu | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | - | genitive | soɣənore* | - | - |
| terminative | sṓgonoɣɑ | - | - | oblique | sowgunoha |
| causative | sṓgonokhu | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | sṓgonokhɑ | instrumental | soɣənoxə | - | - |
| abessive | sṓgonogil | - | - | - | - |
| locative | sṓgonotsar | locative | soɣənosah | - | - |
Figo languages
Animate noun:
| ancient Figo | Modern Figo | ||||
| agentive | sobali | nominative | sobar | ||
| passive | soba | accusative | soba | ||
| genitive | sobaɕu | oblique | sobaš | ||
| dative | sobahe | - | - | ||
| causative | sobaxu | - | - | ||
| instrumental | - | - | - | ||
| locative | - | - | - | ||
| agentive | sobalinu | nominative | sobarĩ | ||
| passive | sobanu | accusative | sobã | ||
| genitive | sobaɕunu | oblique | sobašũ | ||
| dative | sobahenu | - | - | ||
| causative | sobaxuno | - | - | ||
| instrumental | - | - | - | ||
| locative | - | - | - | ||
Inanimate noun:
| ancient Figo | Modern Figo | ||||
| agentive | - | nominative | swõnur* | ||
| passive | sōnu | accusative | swõ | ||
| genitive | sōnoɕu | oblique | swõnuš | ||
| dative | sōnohe | - | - | ||
| causative | sōnoxu | - | - | ||
| instrumental | sōnoxe | - | - | ||
| locative | sōnocar | - | - | ||
| agentive | - | nominative | swõnurĩ* | ||
| passive | sōnonu | accusative | swõnũ | ||
| genitive | sōnoɕunu | oblique | swõnušũ | ||
| dative | sōnohenu | - | - | ||
| causative | sōnoxunu | - | - | ||
| instrumental | sōnoxenu | - | - | ||
| locative | sōnocarnu | - | - | ||
Biwdiw languages
Animate noun:
| Biwdiw | Gəjlnigu | Cärähə | Viwdiwgu | ||||
| agentive | subɛliw | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| passive | subɛ | direct | huve | basic | subä | direct | suvɛ |
| ablative | subɛšu | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | subɛrɛ | oblique | huvere | - | - | genitive | suvɛrɛ |
| dative | subɛxjɛ | - | - | - | - | dative | suvɛxjɛ |
| causative | subɛku | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| agentive | subɛhiwliw | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| passive | subɛhiw | direct | - | basic | - | direct | suvɛhiw |
| ablative | subɛhiwšu | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | subɛhiwrɛ | oblique | - | - | - | genitive | suvɛhiwrɛ |
| dative | subɛhiwxjɛ | - | - | - | - | dative | suvɛhiwxjɛ |
| causative | subɛhiwku | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| agentive | subɛnuliw | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| passive | subɛnu | direct | huveno | basic | subänə | direct | suvö |
| ablative | subɛnušu | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | subɛnurɛ | oblique | huvenure | - | - | genitive | suvörɛ |
| dative | subɛnuxjɛ | - | - | - | - | dative | suvöxjɛ |
| causative | subɛnuku | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Inanimate noun:
| Biwdiw | Gəjlnigu | Cärähə | Viwdiwgu | ||||
| agentive | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| passive | sōgu | direct | hɔgo | basic | sohə | direct | sōgu |
| ablative | sōgušu | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | - | oblique | hɔgore* | - | - | genitive | sōgure* |
| dative | sōguxjɛ | - | - | - | - | dative | sōguxje |
| causative | sōguku | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | sōgukjɛ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| agentive | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| passive | sōguhiw | direct | - | basic | - | direct | sōguhiw |
| ablative | sōguhiwšu | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | - | oblique | - | - | - | genitive | sōguhiwre* |
| dative | sōguhiwxjɛ | - | - | - | - | dative | sōguhiwxje |
| causative | sōguhiwku | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | sōguhiwkjɛ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| agentive | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| passive | sōgunu | direct | hɔgono | basic | sohənə | direct | sōgū |
| ablative | sōgunušu | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| genitive | - | oblique | hɔgonure* | - | - | genitive | sōgūre* |
| dative | sōgunuxjɛ | - | - | - | - | dative | sōgūxje |
| causative | sōgunuku | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| instrumental | sōgunukjɛ | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Verbs
Development
| Proto-Piti | Kī́rtako | Biwdiw | |
| 1s | *liːloṕoł | lī́lopow | līlušū |
| 2s | *liːloṕer | lī́loper | līlušir |
| 3s | *liːloṕæt́ | lī́lopɑt | līlušɛc |
| 3s | *liːloṕ | lī́lop | līluš |
| 1d | *liːloṕiʔoł | - | līlušiwhū |
| 2d | *liːloṕiʔer | - | līlušiwhir |
| 3d | *liːloṕiʔæt́ | - | līlušiwcɛc |
| 3d | *liːloṕiʔ | - | līlušiwh |
| 1p | *liːloṕonoł | lī́loponow | līlušunū |
| 2p | *liːloṕoner | lī́loponer | līlušunir |
| 3p | *liːloṕonæt́ | lī́loponɑt | līlušunjɛc |
| 3p | *liːloṕon | lī́lopon | līlušun |
| Proto-Piti | a. Figo | Jeʂtəra | |
| 1s | *liːloṕoł | līločow | līloṕol |
| 2s | *liːloṕer | līločər | līloṕer |
| 3s | *liːloṕæt́ | līločeš | līloṕət́ |
| 3s | *liːloṕ | līloč | līloṕ |
| 1d | *liːloṕołiʔ | līločohi | - |
| 2d | *liːloṕeriʔ | līločəri | - |
| 3d | *liːloṕæt́iʔ | līločeši | - |
| 3d | *liːloṕiʔ | līloči | - |
| 1p | *liːloṕołon | līločohon | līloṕolon |
| 2p | *liːloṕeron | līločəron | līloṕeron |
| 3p | *liːloṕæt́on | līločešon | līloṕət́on |
| 3p | *liːloṕon | līločon | līloṕon |
Kī́rtako languages
| Kī́rtako | Iðâɣ | Lændixu | |
| 1s | lī́lopow | lîβò | ʎiloɸof |
| 2s | lī́loper | lîβəh | - |
| 3s | lī́lopɑt | - | ʎiloɸæh |
| 3s | lī́lop | lîp | - |
| 1p | lī́loponow | lîβonò | ʎiloɸonof |
| 2p | lī́loponer | lîβonəh | - |
| 3p | lī́loponɑt | - | ʎiloɸonæh |
| 3p | lī́lopon | lîβon | - |
Figo languages
| ancient Figo | modern Figo archaic forms |
modern Figo modern forms |
||
| 1s | līločow | řirošov* | řirušjid wẽv | |
| 2s | līločər | řirošr* | řirušjid wẽr | |
| 3s | līločeš | řirošeh* | řirušjid wẽh | |
| 3s | līloč | - | - | |
| 1d | līločohi | - | - | |
| 2d | līločəri | - | - | |
| 3d | līločeši | - | - | |
| 3d | līloči | - | - | |
| 1p | līločohon | řirošõ* | řirušjidũ wẽnõ | |
| 2p | līločəron | řirošrõ* | řirušjidũ wẽrõ | |
| 3p | līločešon | řirošežõ* | řirušjidũ wẽžõ | |
| 3p | līločon | - | - |
Biwdiw languages
| Biwdiw | Gəjlnigu | Cärähə | Viwdiwgu | |
| 1s | līlušū | ləjužɔ | rīrusü | līlužū |
| 2s | līlušir | ləjužih | rīrusir | līlužir |
| 3s | līlušɛc | - | rīruśäh | līlužɛc |
| 3s | līluš | ləjuš | rīrus* | līluš* |
| 1d | līlušiwhū | - | - | līlužiwhū |
| 2d | līlušiwhir | - | - | līlužiwhir |
| 3d | līlušiwcɛc | - | - | līlužiwcɛc |
| 3d | līlušiwh | - | - | līlužiwh* |
| 1p | līlušunū | ləjužunɔ | rīrusunü | līlužü |
| 2p | līlušunir | ləjužunih | rīrusunir | līlužür |
| 3p | līlušunjɛc | - | rīrusuńäh | līlužünjɛc |
| 3p | līlušun | ləjužun | rīrusun* | līlužün* |
Sample sentences
| Sentence | We fell |
| Proto-Piti | *ʔaχaʂiːkonoɬ/ʔaχaʂiːkoɬon PAST-fallPERF-PLUR-1ps/PAST-fallPERF-1ps-PLUR |
| Kī́rtako | ʔahašī́konow |
| Iðâɣ | êčaɣonò |
| Lændixu | onof hašjiciθu |
| ancient Figo | ahaɕīgohon |
| modern Figo | çišeǧidũ jẽnõ |
| Biwdiw | hɛxɛʂigunū |
| Gəjlnigu | ɔdduno ehišegəjduno |
| Cärähə | xexihunü |
| Viwdiwgu | ūdjū xɛṡigīdū |
| Jeʂtəra | ʔahaʂīkolon |
| Sentence | The person fell |
| Proto-Piti | *pʰuːka ʔaχaʂiːk(æt́) person-PASS PAST-fallPERF(-3ps) |
| Kī́rtako | phū́ka ʔahašī́k |
| Iðâɣ | çúɣe êčak |
| Lændixu | æl‘ fuxal‘ ojh hašjiciθu |
| ancient Figo | fūga ahaɕīgeš |
| modern Figo | foɣar çišeǧid jẽh |
| Biwdiw | pūgɛ hɛxɛʂig |
| Gəjlnigu | ež pɔge ehišegəjdo |
| Cärähə | äs pühä xexig |
| Viwdiwgu | pūɣɛ xɛṡigīdu |
| Jeʂtəra | ʔahaʂīk fūka |
| Sentence | The man saw the dog |
| Proto-Piti | *ɬiːroli sopa ʔaloliːṕ(æt́) man-AGEN dog-PASS PAST-seePERF(-3ps) |
| Kī́rtako | wī́roli sopa ʔalolī́pɑt |
| Iðâɣ | îrə tòr êβíðə soβe |
| Lændixu | æl‘ vjirul‘ ojh loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ soɸal‘ |
| ancient Figo | līruli soba alolīčeš |
| modern Figo | řirur soba řirušjid jẽh |
| Biwdiw | wīruliw hɛlulīšɛc subɛ |
| Gəjlnigu | ežd əjro ejjužəjdo ež huve |
| Cärähə | äs wīrə rurīśäh äs subä |
| Viwdiwgu | vīru lulīžīdu suvɛ |
| Jeʂtəra | ʔalolīṕət́ līroliə sopa |
| Sentence | The brother gives water to the sister |
| Proto-Piti | *tatuli ṕiḱe leluχæ kæɬok(æt́) brother-AGEN water-PASS sister-TERM seeIMPF(-3ps) |
| Kī́rtako | tatuli leluɣɑ pike kɑwokɑt |
| Iðâɣ | taðu kók piɣ lere |
| Lændixu | æl‘ taθul‘ ojh kæbociθu pičɛl‘ kowf æha lɛluha |
| ancient Figo | toduli leluhe čiš kɛhogeš |
| modern Figo | todur ših reruš kov čiǧid wẽh |
| Biwdiw | dɛdjuliw gjɛlugjɛc liʎuxjɛ šiwči |
| Gəjlnigu | ež deddo gewg həjč (gɔ) ežəre lihore |
| Cärähə | äs däd́ə gäruǵäh süci gow äs riŕə |
| Viwdiwgu | dɛdju gjɛluɣjɛc šiwči liʝuxjɛ |
| Jeʂtəra | kəlokət́ tatəwliə ṕiəḱe leləwxə |
| Sentence | The dog is seen by the man |
| Proto-Piti | *sopa ɬiːroli liːloṕ(æt́) dog-PASS man-AGEN seeIMPF(-3ps) |
| Kī́rtako | sopa wī́roli lī́lop |
| Iðâɣ | soβe kìɣ lîβuɣi âk îrəre |
| Lændixu | æl‘ soɸal‘ ojh ʎiloɸux‘ jæl æha vjiruha |
| ancient Figo | soba līruli līloč |
| modern Figo | sobar řiruš jer řirušug wẽh |
| Biwdiw | subɛ līluš wīruliw |
| Gəjlnigu | ež huve ləjužuǵ ləj ežd əjro |
| Cärähə | äs subä cän rīruśuhi rü äs wīrə |
| Viwdiwgu | suvɛ lulīžuɣi čɛl vīrurɛ |
| Jeʂtəra | līloṕ sopa līroliə |
| Sentence | The woman didn't see the man's house |
| Proto-Piti | *ʔoːnali ɬiːrora soːŋoʂu loliːṕæme ʔaʔiːs(æt́) woman-AGEN man-GEN house-ABL seePERF-INF1 PAST-NEG(-3ps) |
| Kī́rtako | ʔṓnali wī́rora sṓgošu lolī́ṕiñɑme ʔaʔī́sɑt |
| Iðâɣ | ône î tòr êβíðə soɣə ô îrəre |
| Lændixu | æl‘ ownal‘ he ojh loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ sowgul‘ hæk æha vjiruha |
| ancient Figo | ōnali līruɕu sōnu līločem ēs |
| modern Figo | wonar řiruš řek swõ řirušjid jĩs |
| Biwdiw | hōnɛliw hɛhīsjɛc wīrurɛ sōgušu lulīšiwgɛ |
| Gəjlnigu | ežd ɔne ejjužəjdo əjs ež hɔgo čel ežəre əjrore |
| Cärähə | äs honä rurīśäh wī äs sohə cär äs wīrə |
| Viwdiwgu | hő hīzīdu lulīžiwgɛ sōgurɛ vīrurɛ |
| Jeʂtəra | ʔalolīṕət́ ʔōnaliə sōgo līrora ʔīs |
| Sentence | My father was tending the flock |
| Proto-Piti | *oɬtuʂu/joʂu papuli jaŋet́u ʔarimus(æt́) 1psLONG-ABL/1psSHORT-ABL father-AGEN sheep-COLLECT PAST-seeIMPF(-3ps) |
| Kī́rtako | jošu papuli jagetu ʔarimusɑt |
| Iðâɣ | paβu ô òre árimus jaðu |
| Lændixu | æl‘ joral‘ paɸul‘ joh rimusjiθu æl‘ jažɛθul‘ |
| ancient Figo | oltuɕi pobuli jonəšu arumiseš |
| modern Figo | ortušur obušur jõž arumišid wẽh |
| Biwdiw | ūdjušu bɛbjuliw hɛriwmjusjɛc čɛgiču |
| Gəjlnigu | ɔddužo bevvo rəjmmuzəjdo ež hegičo |
| Cärähə | äs bäb́ə çərä häcän rüḿusīdə äs çähicə |
| Viwdiwgu | vɛvju çūrɛ riwmjuzīdu čɛɣiču |
| Jeʂtəra | ʔariəməwsət́ papəwliə oltəwra jaget́əw |
| Sentence | I say that the bear ate the sheep |
| Proto-Piti | *ʈæŋeɬoɬ t́uːkeːli jaŋeʂu ʔaχomeːnika sayIMPF-1ps bear-AGEN sheep-ABL PAST-eatPERF-INF2 *ʈæŋeɬoɬ χiː t́uːkeːli jaŋe ʔaχomeːniɳ(æt́) sayIMPF-1ps that bear-AGEN sheep-PASS PAST-eatPERF-SUBJ(-3ps) |
| Kī́rtako | tsɑgewow tū́kḗli jagešu ʔahomḗniñɑme tsɑgewow hī́ɑt tū́kḗli jagešu ʔahomḗniñɑt |
| Iðâɣ | sâw hît túɣé tór âmoníðə ja |
| Lændixu | owf cæžebjiθu hjæt æl‘ tučil‘ ojh homjeñiθu æl‘ jažɛl‘ |
| ancient Figo | cɛnəhow šūšēli jonəɕu ahomēniga cɛnəhow šūšēli jon ahomēniga cɛnəhow hīdu šūšēli jon ahomēnečeš |
| modern Figo | çwiçid wẽv çid fožer jõ çemũňid jẽh |
| Biwdiw | ʈɛgilū cūgēliw çɛgišu hɛxumēniwňiwgɛ ʈɛgilū xīlu cūgēliw çɛgi hɛxumēniwňɛc |
| Gəjlnigu | cegɔ həju ež cɔgej ehejmunəjdo ež heǵ |
| Cärähə | ɕähirü xīr äs sühe xumeńäh äs çähi |
| Viwdiwgu | tsɛɣilū xīlu çūɣi xumīdu çɛɣi |
| Jeʂtəra | ʈəgelol ʔahomēnəme t́ūkēliə jage ʈəgelol hīlo ʔahomēnoṕət́ t́ūkēliə jage |
| Sentence | I saw the wolf who ate the sheep |
| Proto-Piti | *jaŋeʂu ʔaχomeːniːto kæŋo ʔaloliːṕoɬ sheep-ABL PAST-eatPERF-PART.AG-PASS wolf-PASS PAST-seePERF-1ps *χiːli jaŋe ʔaχomeːn(æt́) kæŋo ʔaloliːṕoɬ whichREL-AGEN sheep-PASS PAST-eatPERF(-3ps) wolf-PASS PAST-seePERF-1ps *kæŋo χiːli jaŋe ʔaχomeːn(æt́) ʔaloliːṕoɬ wolf-PASS whichREL-AGEN sheep-PASS PAST-eatPERF(-3ps) PAST-seePERF-1ps *kæŋo ʔaloliːṕoɬ χiːli jaŋe ʔaχomeːn(æt́) wolf-PASS PAST-seePERF-1ps whichREL-AGEN sheep-PASS PAST-eatPERF(-3ps) |
| Kī́rtako | jagešu ʔahomḗnī́to kɑgo ʔalolī́pow hī́li jage ʔahomḗniñɑt kɑgo ʔalolī́pow kɑgo hī́li jage ʔahomḗniñɑt ʔalolī́pow kɑgo ʔalolī́pow hī́li jage ʔahomḗniñɑt |
| Iðâɣ | tòrò êβíðə kaɣə ì tór âmoníðə ja tòrò êβíðə kaɣə ìðu tór âmoníðə ja tòrò êβíðə kaɣə ô šáɣə tór âmoníðə ja |
| Lændixu | owf loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ kægol‘ homjeñiθul‘ æl‘ jažɛl‘ owf loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ kægol‘ hji ojh homjeñiθu æl‘ jažɛl‘ owf loʎiɸjiθu æl‘ kægol‘ æl‘ sæxul‘ ojh homjeñiθu æl‘ jažɛl‘ |
| ancient Figo | jonəɕu ahomēnīdu kɛnu alolīčow hīli jon ahomēnečeš kɛnu alolīčow kɛnu hīli jon ahomēnečeš alolīčow kɛnu alolīčow hīli jon ahomēnečeš |
| modern Figo | jõ çemũňid jẽh šweduɣur kwẽ řirušjid jẽv kwẽ šweduɣur jõ çemũňid jẽh řirušjid jẽv |
| Biwdiw | hɛlulīšū çɛgišu hɛxumēnīdu gjɛgu hɛlulīšū gjɛgu xīliw çɛgi hɛxumēniwňɛc |
| Gəjlnigu | ɔddo ejjužəjdo ež gego ša ehejmunəjdo ež heǵ ɔddo ejjužəjdo ež gego ež šago ehejmunəjdo ež heǵ ɔddo ejjužəjdo ež gego ež hego ehejmunəjdo ež heǵ |
| Cärähə | rurīsü äs ǵähə xumenīdə äs çähi rurīsü äs ǵähə xīhə xumeńäh äs çähi rurīsü äs ǵähə äs sähə xumeńäh äs çähi |
| Viwdiwgu | ūdju lulīžīdu gjɛgu xī xumīdu čɛɣi ūdju lulīžīdu gjɛgu xīgu xumīdu čɛɣi |
| Jeʂtəra | ʔalolīṕol kəgo ʔahomēnīto jage ʔalolīṕol kəgo ʔahomēnət́ hī jage ʔalolīṕol kəgo ʔahomēnət́ hīlo jage ʔalolīṕol kəgo hīlo ʔahomēnət́ ət́lo jage |
