Senjecas copula list: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation table==
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
! colspan="6" | <center>peműko<br>(labial)</center>
! colspan="6" | <center>पेमु॓को<br>peműko<br>(labial)</center>
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|
|
|
! colspan="6" | riisűko<br>(dental)
! colspan="6" | रीसु॓कॊ<br>riisűko<br>(dental)
|
|
|
|
! colspan="6" | muitűko<br>(alveolar)
! colspan="6" | मुइतु॓को<br>muitűko<br>(alveolar)
|
|
|
|
! colspan="6-" | vainűko<br>(palatal)
! colspan="6-" | भइनु॓को<br>vainűko<br>(palatal)
|
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|
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! colspan="6" | ṡ̨uuše̋nos<br>(vowels)
! colspan="6" | च्युस्वे॓नोस् <br>ṡ̨uuše̋nos<br>(vowels)
|
|
|
|
! colspan="3" | nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(weak vowels)
!colspan="3" | नि॓थो  च्युस्वे॓नोस्  <br>nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos''' <br>(weak vowels)
|-
|-
!<center>p</center>
! <center>p</center>
!b
! b
!f
! f
!v
! v
!m̃
! m̃
!m
! m
|
|
|
|
!t
! t
!d
! d
!þ
! þ
!ð
! ð
!ɫ
! ɫ
!l
! l
|
|
|
|
!ṡ
! ṡ
!ż
! ż
!s
! s
!z
! z
!r
! r
!n
! n
|
|
|
|
!k
! k
!g
! g
!x
! x
![[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
!h
! h
![[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
|
|
|
|
!š
! t̬
!s̨
! t̨
|
|
|
|
!i
! i
!e
! e
!a
! a
![[Wikipedia:Open|ɔ]]
! ɔ
!o
! o
!u
! u
|
|
|
|
!ĭ
! ĭ
!ĕ
! ĕ
!ŭ
! ŭ
|-
|-
|/p/
! <center>प</center>
|/b/
! ब
|/ɸ/
! फ
|/β/
! भ
|/m̥/
! म़
|/m/
! म
|
|
! त
! द
! थ
! ध
! ल़
! ल
|
|
! च
! ज
! स
! स़
! र
! न
|
|
! क
! ग
! क़
! ग़
! ह
! य
|
|
! त्व
! त्य
|
|
! इ
! ए
! अ
! ऒ
! ओ
! उ
|
|
! तं
! तऺ
! तॅ
|-
| /p/
| /b/
| /ɸ/
| /β/
| /m̥/
| /m/
!
!
!
!
|/t/
| /t/
|/d/
| /d/
|/θ/
| /θ/
|/ð/
| /ð/
|/l̥/
| /l̥/
|/l/
| /l/
!
!
!
!
|/ʦ/
| /ʦ/
|/ʣ/
| /ʣ/
|/s/
| /s/
|/z/
| /z/
|/ɾ̥/
| /ɾ̥/
|/n/
| /n/
!
!
!
!
|/k/
| /k/
|/g/
| /g/
|/ç/
| /ç/
|/ʝ/
| /ʝ/
|/j̊/
| /j̊/
|/j/
| /j/
!
!
!
!
|/sʷ/
| /tʷ/
|/sʲ/
| /tʲ/
!
!
!
!
|/i/
| /i/
|/e/
| /e/
|/ä/
| /ä/
|/ɒ/
| /ɒ/
|/o/
| /o/
|/u/
| /u/
!
!
!
!
|/ɪ/
| /ɪ/
|/ɛ/
| /ɛ/
|/ʊ/
| /ʊ/
|}
|}


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==Copulas of existence==
==Copulas of existence==


*'''1.'''  '''ésa''' - be (''permanent'')
*'''1.'''  '''ésa''' ए॓स - be (''permanent'')
*That man is my father.
*That man is my father.
*'''a-m̃ı̋ı̋ru mu-tááta ésa:'''
*'''a-m̃ı̋ı̋ru mu-tááta ésa:'''
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|}
|}


*'''2.'''  '''vűűa''' - be (''transient'')
*'''2.'''  '''vűűa''' भू॓अ - be (''transient'')
*That man is my friend.
*That man is my friend.
*'''a-m̃ı̋ı̋ru mu-vı̋lu vűűa:'''
*'''a-m̃ı̋ı̋ru mu-vı̋lu vűűa:'''
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*This concept can be expressed only by the verb '''ı̋la'''.
*This concept can be expressed only by the verb '''ı̋la'''.


*'''3.'''  '''ı̋la''' - become
*'''3.'''  '''ı̋la''' इ॓ल - become
*He became sick while on the journey.
*He became sick while on the journey.
*'''méti taƣős éna éȝu da̋mu e-ı̋la:'''
*'''méti taƣős éna éȝu da̋mu e-ı̋la:'''
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|}
|}


*'''4.'''  '''ı̋la''' - fall
*'''4.'''  '''ı̋la''' इ॓ल - fall
*She fell victim to his charms.
*She fell victim to his charms.
*'''ii-éȝ' ur-eȝu-mooȝa̋s ha lı̋tu e-ı̋la:'''
*'''ii-éȝ' ur-eȝu-mooȝa̋s ha lı̋tu e-ı̋la:'''
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|}
|}


*'''5.'''  '''ı̋la''' - grow
*'''5.'''  '''ı̋la''' इ॓ल - grow
*I grow weary listening to your complaints.
*I grow weary listening to your complaints.
*'''tu-ɔ̋bon a̋a̋m̃antu mu le̋e̋du ı̋la:'''
*'''tu-ɔ̋bon a̋a̋m̃antu mu le̋e̋du ı̋la:'''
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|}
|}


*'''6.'''  '''ı̋la''' - prove
*'''6.'''  '''ı̋la''' इ॓ल - prove
*Eating the plant proved fatal to him.
*Eating the plant proved fatal to him.
*'''műűlom e̋dantu eȝús o ne̋s̈u e-ı̋la:'''
*'''műűlom e̋dantu eȝús o ne̋s̈u e-ı̋la:'''
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|}
|}


*'''7.'''  '''ı̋la''' - turn
*'''7.'''  '''ı̋la''' इ॓ल - turn
*In the autumn the leaves turn red and brown.
*In the autumn the leaves turn red and brown.
*'''va̋los ipa̋s re̋uðosk̬e ba̋dosk̬e ı̋la:'''
*'''va̋los ipa̋s re̋uðosk̬e ba̋dosk̬e ı̋la:'''
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==Copulas of perception==
==Copulas of perception==
*'''8.'''  '''műȝa''' - feel  
*'''8.'''  '''műȝa''' मु॓य - feel  
*This blanket feels so soft.
*This blanket feels so soft.
*'''i-da̋ko kéþu n̨űmo műȝa:'''
*'''i-da̋ko kéþu n̨űmo műȝa:'''
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|}
|}


*'''9.'''  '''ka̋ȝa''' - seem
*'''9.'''  '''ka̋ȝa''' क॓य - seem
*That lady's eyes seem blue.
*That lady's eyes seem blue.
*'''a-anderűs t̬a̋los kőőxos ka̋ȝa:'''
*'''a-anderűs t̬a̋los kőőxos ka̋ȝa:'''
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|}
|}


*'''10.'''  '''še̋ga''' - smell
*'''10.'''  '''še̋ga''' स्वे॓ग - smell
*This egg didn't smell this bad yesterday.
*This egg didn't smell this bad yesterday.
*'''hesaha̋s i-tőőlo toátu pűűo e-še̋ga ne:'''
*'''hesaha̋s i-tőőlo toátu pűűo e-še̋ga ne:'''
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|}
|}


*'''11.'''  '''še̋na''' - sound
*'''11.'''  '''še̋na''' स्वे॓न - sound
*He didn't sound sick when last we spoke.
*He didn't sound sick when last we spoke.
*'''éȝu da̋mu e-še̋na ne—méti m̃us nĭnév̈i e-sa̋m̃a:'''
*'''éȝu da̋mu e-še̋na ne—méti m̃us nĭnév̈i e-sa̋m̃a:'''
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|}
|}


*'''12.'''  '''t̨a̋a̋ta''' - taste
*'''12.'''  '''t̨a̋a̋ta''' त्या॓त  - taste
*This soup tastes delicious.
*This soup tastes delicious.
*'''i-ȝőőno da̋lo t̨a̋a̋ta:'''
*'''i-ȝőőno da̋lo t̨a̋a̋ta:'''
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==Copulas of description==
==Copulas of description==
*'''13.''' '''ka̋ȝa''' - appear
*'''13.''' '''ka̋ȝa''' क॓य - appear
*The poor dog appears frightened.
*The poor dog appears frightened.
*'''bűɫ̨e na̋ȝe tűge ka̋ȝa:'''
*'''bűɫ̨e na̋ȝe tűge ka̋ȝa:'''
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|}
|}


*'''14.'''  '''ka̋ȝa''' - look
*'''14.'''  '''ka̋ȝa''' क॓य  - look
*No, I think it looks sick.
*No, I think it looks sick.
*'''ne̋. mu éȝem da̋me ka̋ȝu na̋ma:'''
*'''ne̋. mu éȝem da̋me ka̋ȝu na̋ma:'''
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|}
|}


*'''15.'''  '''gőþa''' - resemble
*'''15.'''  '''gőþa''' गो॓थ - resemble
*The water flowing off the roof resembles a waterfall.
*The water flowing off the roof resembles a waterfall.
*'''kőrom áfa da̋a̋ante a̋a̋me ȝűko gőþa:'''
*'''kőrom áfa da̋a̋ante a̋a̋me ȝűko gőþa:'''
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==Copulas of identity==
==Copulas of identity==
*'''16.'''  '''pa̋ra''' - equal
*'''16.'''  '''pa̋ra''' प॓र - equal
*Two plus two equals four.
*Two plus two equals four.
*'''d̬ők̬e d̬ők̬e na̋a̋l pa̋ra:'''
*'''d̬ők̬e d̬ők̬e na̋a̋l pa̋ra:'''
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|}
|}


*'''17.'''  '''te̋va''' - prove
*'''17.'''  '''te̋va''' ते॓भ - prove
*His statement proved incorrect.
*His statement proved incorrect.
*'''eȝu-tőso alm̃e̋e̋ro e-te̋va:'''
*'''eȝu-tőso alm̃e̋e̋ro e-te̋va:'''
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*This concept can be expressed only by the verb '''se̋e̋ra'''.
*This concept can be expressed only by the verb '''se̋e̋ra'''.


*'''18.'''  '''se̋e̋ra''' - keep
*'''18.'''  '''se̋e̋ra''' सै॓र - keep
*Keep still or you'll open the wound.
*Keep still or you'll open the wound.
*'''k̬ı̋ı̋lu seere̋ȝa. m̃o tu m̃a̋a̋on u-lűra:'''
*'''k̬ı̋ı̋lu seere̋ȝa. m̃o tu m̃a̋a̋on u-lűra:'''
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|}
|}


*'''19.'''  '''se̋e̋ra''' - remain
*'''19.'''  '''se̋e̋ra''' सै॓र - remain
*The hare remained still and the fox didn't see it.
*The hare remained still and the fox didn't see it.
*'''ṡe̋ṡe k̬ı̋ı̋l' e-se̋e̋ra. da pűke éȝem e-na̋ka ne:'''
*'''ṡe̋ṡe k̬ı̋ı̋l' e-se̋e̋ra. da pűke éȝem e-na̋ka ne:'''
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|}
|}


*'''20.'''  '''se̋e̋ra''' - stay
*'''20.'''  '''se̋e̋ra''' सै॓र - stay
*We lit a fire and stayed warm.
*We lit a fire and stayed warm.
*'''m̃us e-a̋a̋þa. da te̋pus e-se̋e̋ra:'''
*'''m̃us e-a̋a̋þa. da te̋pus e-se̋e̋ra:'''

Revision as of 17:50, 20 August 2021

Pronunciation table

पेमु॓को
peműko
(labial)
 रीसु॓कॊ
riisűko
(dental) 		मुइतु॓को
muitűko
(alveolar) 		भइनु॓को
vainűko
(palatal) 		च्युस्वे॓नोस्
ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(vowels) 		नि॓थो च्युस्वे॓नोस्
nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(weak vowels)
p
 b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ t̬ t̨ i e a ɔ o u ĭ ĕ ŭ
प
 ब फ भ म़ म त द थ ध ल़ ल च ज स स़ र न क ग क़ ग़ ह य त्व त्य इ ए अ ऒ ओ उ तं तऺ तॅ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /tʷ/ /tʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural ABL = ablative suffix COL = collective F = feminine INT = intensive prefix PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative LAT = lative suffix PST = past TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person ADV = adverb DIM = diminutive FUT = future LOC = locative suffix REV = reversive VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AG = agent ELIS = elision IMP = imperative M = masculine Q = interrogative particle
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELT = elative INC = inchoative OCC = occupation suffix QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis IND = indicative PP = patient (past) participle RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive
  • A copula is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to a subject complement. In Senjecas they are verbs.


Copulas of existence

  • 1. ésa ए॓स - be (permanent)
  • That man is my father.
  • a-m̃ı̋ı̋ru mu-tááta ésa:
a=m̃ı̋ı̋r-u mu=táát-a és-a
that=man-N.s my=father-N.s be-IND
  • 2. vűűa भू॓अ - be (transient)
  • That man is my friend.
  • a-m̃ı̋ı̋ru mu-vı̋lu vűűa:
a=m̃ı̋ı̋r-u mu=vı̋l-u vűű-a
that=man-N.s my=friend-N.s be-IND


Copulas of change

  • This concept can be expressed only by the verb ı̋la.
  • 3. ı̋la इ॓ल - become
  • He became sick while on the journey.
  • méti taƣős éna éȝu da̋mu e-ı̋la:
méti taƣ-ős éna éȝ-u da̋m-u e=ı̋l-a
while journey-G.s on 3-N.s sick-N.s PST=become-IND
  • 4. ı̋la इ॓ल - fall
  • She fell victim to his charms.
  • ii-éȝ' ur-eȝu-mooȝa̋s ha lı̋tu e-ı̋la:
ii=éȝ-' ur=eȝu=mooȝ-a̋s ha lı̋t-u e=ı̋l-a
F=3-EL M=his=charm-G.s because.of victim-N.s PST=become-IND
  • 5. ı̋la इ॓ल - grow
  • I grow weary listening to your complaints.
  • tu-ɔ̋bon a̋a̋m̃antu mu le̋e̋du ı̋la:
tu=ɔ̋b-on a̋a̋m̃-a-ntu-Ø m-u le̋e̋d-u ı̋l-a
your=complaint-A.p listen.to-IND-AP-ABS 1s-N weary-N.s become-IND
  • 6. ı̋la इ॓ल - prove
  • Eating the plant proved fatal to him.
  • műűlom e̋dantu eȝús o ne̋s̈u e-ı̋la:
műűl-om e̋d-a-nt-u eȝ-ús o ne̋s̈-u e=ı̋l-a
plant-A.s eat-IND-AP-SUP 3-G.s to fatal-N.s PST=become-IND
  • 7. ı̋la इ॓ल - turn
  • In the autumn the leaves turn red and brown.
  • va̋los ipa̋s re̋uðosk̬e ba̋dosk̬e ı̋la:
va̋l-os ip-a̋s re̋uð-os=k̬e ba̋d-os=k̬e ı̋l-a
leaf-N.p autumn-G.s red-N.p=and brown-N.p=and become-IND


Copulas of perception

  • 8. műȝa मु॓य - feel
  • This blanket feels so soft.
  • i-da̋ko kéþu n̨űmo műȝa:
i=da̋k-o kéþu n̨űm-o műȝ-a
this=blanket-N.s so soft-N.s feel-IND
  • 9. ka̋ȝa क॓य - seem
  • That lady's eyes seem blue.
  • a-anderűs t̬a̋los kőőxos ka̋ȝa:
a=ander-űs t̬a̋l-os kőőx-os ka̋ȝ-a
that=lady-G.s eye-N.p blue-N.p seem-IND
  • 10. še̋ga स्वे॓ग - smell
  • This egg didn't smell this bad yesterday.
  • hesaha̋s i-tőőlo toátu pűűo e-še̋ga ne:
hes.ah-a̋s i=tőől-o toátu pűű-o e=še̋g-a ne
yester.day-G.s this=egg-N.s so rotten-N.s PST=smell-IND not
  • 11. še̋na स्वे॓न - sound
  • He didn't sound sick when last we spoke.
  • éȝu da̋mu e-še̋na ne—méti m̃us nĭnév̈i e-sa̋m̃a:
éȝ-u da̋m-u e=še̋n-a ne méti m̃-us nĭ~név=vi e=sa̋m̃-a
3-N.s sick-N.s PST=sound-IND not when 1p-N EL~recent=ADV PST=speak-IND
  • 12. t̨a̋a̋ta त्या॓त - taste
  • This soup tastes delicious.
  • i-ȝőőno da̋lo t̨a̋a̋ta:
i=ȝőőn-o da̋l-o t̨a̋a̋t-a
this=soup-N.s delicious-N.s taste-IND


Copulas of description

  • 13. ka̋ȝa क॓य - appear
  • The poor dog appears frightened.
  • bűɫ̨e na̋ȝe tűge ka̋ȝa:
bűɫ̨e-Ø na̋ȝ-e tűg-e ka̋ȝ-a
poor-ABS dog-N.s frightened-N.s appear-IND
  • 14. ka̋ȝa क॓य - look
  • No, I think it looks sick.
  • ne̋. mu éȝem da̋me ka̋ȝu na̋ma:
ne̋ m-u éȝ-em da̋m-e ka̋ȝ-u na̋m-a
1s-N 3-A.s sick-N.s look-SUP think-IND
  • 15. gőþa गो॓थ - resemble
  • The water flowing off the roof resembles a waterfall.
  • kőrom áfa da̋a̋ante a̋a̋me ȝűko gőþa:
kőr-om áfa da̋a̋-a-nte-Ø a̋a̋m-e ȝűk-o gőþ-a
roof-A.s off flow-IND-AP-ABS water-N.s waterfall-N.s resemble-IND


Copulas of identity

  • 16. pa̋ra प॓र - equal
  • Two plus two equals four.
  • d̬ők̬e d̬ők̬e na̋a̋l pa̋ra:
d̬ő=k̬e d̬ő=k̬e na̋a̋l pa̋r-a
two=and two=and four equal-IND
  • 17. te̋va ते॓भ - prove
  • His statement proved incorrect.
  • eȝu-tőso alm̃e̋e̋ro e-te̋va:
eȝu=tős-o al=m̃e̋e̋r-o e=te̋v-a
his=statement-N.s PRV=correct-N.s PST=prove-IND


Copulas of continuance

  • This concept can be expressed only by the verb se̋e̋ra.
  • 18. se̋e̋ra सै॓र - keep
  • Keep still or you'll open the wound.
  • k̬ı̋ı̋lu seere̋ȝa. m̃o tu m̃a̋a̋on u-lűra:
k̬ı̋ı̋l-u seer-e̋ȝa m̃o t-u m̃a̋a̋-on u=lűr-a
still-N.s keep-SBJ or 2s-N wound-A.s FUT=open-IND
  • 19. se̋e̋ra सै॓र - remain
  • The hare remained still and the fox didn't see it.
  • ṡe̋ṡe k̬ı̋ı̋l' e-se̋e̋ra. da pűke éȝem e-na̋ka ne:
ṡe̋ṡ-e k̬ı̋ı̋l-' e=se̋e̋r-a da pűk-e éȝ-em e=na̋k-a ne
hare-N.s still-EL PST-remain-IND and fox-N.s 3-A.s PST=see-IND not
  • 20. se̋e̋ra सै॓र - stay
  • We lit a fire and stayed warm.
  • m̃us e-a̋a̋þa. da te̋pus e-se̋e̋ra:
m̃-us e=a̋a̋þ-a da te̋p-us e=se̋e̋r-a
1p-N PST=light.a.fire-IND and warm-N.p PST=stay-IND
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