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| :Cironean (natively: ''rethró athenam Cirónei'', "language of the men of Cirone") is a language in the [[Redhrácic]] family of tongues spoken by the [[Homo antiquus]] [[Cironeans]].
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| ==Phonology==
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| :Roman-alphabet transliteration reveals a principally Indo-European-equivalency in pronunciation, with an equivalency bias toward Latinate and Romance forms with a few deviations.
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| ===Phonemes===
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| ====Consonants====
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| :Consonantal phonemes, as observed above, are principally Latinate. The list below is the sum total of native consonants recognized in Cironean.
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| {|
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| | C
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| | CH
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| | D
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| | F
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| | G
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| | H
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| | J
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| | L
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| |-
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| | M
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| | N
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| | P
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| | Q
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| | U
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| | R
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| | S
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| | SH
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| |-
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| | T
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| | TH
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| | V
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| | W
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| | X
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| | Y
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| | Z
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| |}
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| A few notes:
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| *The C phoneme is not orthographically bifurcated as in modern Latin/Latinate languages or in English. It is universally an aspirated, voiceless velar plosive. It's voiced brother, G, in similar fashion always expressed a voiced velar plosive.
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| *CH is never gutteral as the Germanic form. It never represents x. It always represents the initial phoneme as expressed in words such as the English '''ch'''erry.
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| *J is not, as in Latin, a form evolved to express a consonantal I-form. it invariably expresses the phoneme dʒ.
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| *SH is always voiceless; also TH, which under no circumstances represents ð. That phoneme, while present in parallel [[Redhrácic]] family members, dropped out of use in Cironean.
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| *X universally expresses a "KS" phoneme.
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| *Z is always a voiced alveolar fricative.
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| ====Vowels====
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| The vowel phonemes in Cironean are analogical with Latinate vowels, with a vanishingly slight degree of variation. They are laid out below.
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| *a – Latin p'''a'''ter
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| *o – Latin p'''o'''ssum
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| *ó – Latin laud'''o'''
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| *u – Latin p'''u'''to
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| *e – Latin mon'''e'''o
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| *i – Latin f'''i'''o
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| *ai (archaic) – approx. to Latin c'''ae'''lum
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| *oi – English p'''oi'''nt
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| *ou – English p'''ou'''t
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| ====Syllabic Structure====
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| :Cironean organizes its phonemes very flexibly. There is no general format that morphemes tend to follow; '''however''', there are certain consonantal phonemes that '''do not''' appear together '''under any circumstances'''. Those are listed below.
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| *C
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| *F
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| *H
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| *J
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| *QU
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| *V
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| *W
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| *Y
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| *Z
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| :Consonantal phonemes may cluster at the beginning of words or syllables. These are the permissible initial clusters in Cironean:
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| #B and C - can form clusters with L and R
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| #D, G, P, and T - can form clusters with R
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| #S - can form clusters with C and T
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| :Stress rules in Cironean are similar to those in Redhrácic. Words of a single syllable are unaccented, while words of two to five syllables stress the antepenult. Those words of six syllables or more stress the second syllable as well as the antepenult.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Nouns===
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| : Nouns in Cironean are inflected and organized into four declensions. While there is some aspect of grammatical gender behind this organization (i.e., the first declension is "feminine," the second declension is "masculine," the third is "neuter") this is not strictly adhered to (e.g., the fourth declension is "mixed" in terms of gender). Generally speaking, personal nouns such as proper names are declined according to the actual gender of the antecedent.
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| : As to the mechanics of nouns:
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| Nouns in Cironean are declined into four cases - nominative, genitive, predicative, and prepositive. The nominative and genitive cases are so named because they correspond substantially to the Indo-European versions of those cases. The predicative case is used for any direct object of a verb, inclusive of the copulae (see Appendix II) and the objects of passive verbs. Thus, a literal translation of a passive Cironean sentence is grammatically incorrect in English: "I am called by you" is literally "Me am called by you."
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| ====1st Declension: “Feminine” Nouns Ending in –Ó====
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| Model: Rethró, language
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Rethró
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| | Rethróth
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Rethroi
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| | Rethroith
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| |-
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| |Predicative
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| |Rethrou
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| |Rethrouth
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| |-
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| |Prepositive
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| | Rethroe
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| | Rethroeth
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| |}
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| ====2nd Declension: “Masculine” Nouns Ending in –E====
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| Model: Alve, house
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Alve
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| | Alven
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Alvei
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| | Alvein
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Alveu
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| | Alveun
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Alveó
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| | Alveón
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| |}
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| ====3rd Declension: “Neuter” Nouns Ending in –U====
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| Model: Oithu, mountain
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Oithu
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| | Oithus
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Oithui
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| | Oithuis
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Oithue
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| | Oithues
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Oithua
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| | Oithuas
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| |}
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| ====4th Declension: “Mixed” Nouns Ending in Consonants====
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| Model: Athen, man
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Athen
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| | Atheni
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Athena
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| | Athenam
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Athenu
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| | Athenum
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Athene
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| | Athenem
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| |}
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| ===Adjectives===
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| : There are two forms of adjectives. The first form takes endings from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declensions, taking these endings according to the gender, number, and case of the substantive that is being modified. This holds true regardless of the declension of the noun, i.e., a type-1 adjective can modify a 4th Declension masculine noun by taking the 2nd Declension forms of the noun in question, e.g. Athen thane, a tall man. Similarly, the second type takes the endings of the 4th Declension, modifying a noun with these endings regardless of the form of the noun itself.
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| Comparison of Adjectives:
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| :The four degrees of comparison are the positive, comparative, α-superlative ("very"), and β-superlative ("most'). They are indicated by affixing the following particles to the adjective:
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| Pos: — Comp: af(a)- α-sup: ef(e)- β-sup: of(o)-
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| ===Pronouns===
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| : Pronouns are placeholders for nouns in a spoken or written sentence. They correspond to their antecedents in person, number, case, and (in the case of third-person pronouns) gender. They are declined below.
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| ====Personal Pronouns====
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| =====1st Person Pronoun=====
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Shó
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| | Shol
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Shoe
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| |Shoel
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Shou
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| | Shoül
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Shoi
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| | Shoïl
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| |}
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| =====2nd Person Pronoun=====
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | The
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| | Thech
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Thea
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| | Theach
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Theó
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| | Theóch
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Theu
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| | Theuch
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| |}
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| =====3rd Person Pronoun=====
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| {| border=1
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| | Case
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| |align=center| Singular
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| |align=center| Plural
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| |-
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| | Nominative
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| | Eó, Ie, Eu
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| | Eóth, Ien, Eus
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| |-
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| | Genitive
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| | Eoi, Iei, Eue
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| | Eoith, Iein, Eues
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| |-
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| | Predicative
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| | Eou, Ieu, Eui
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| | Eouth, Ieun, Euis
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| |-
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| | Prepositive
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| | Eoe, Ieó, Eua
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| | Eoeth, Ieón, Euas
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| |}
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| ====Other Pronouns (Can Also Serve as Adjectives)====
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| *Proximate (This, These) ruó, rue, raü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Distant (That, Those) eruó, erue, eraü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Relative Pronouns (Who, Which) tuó, tue, taü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Interrogative Pronouns (Who, What, Which [adj]) duó, due, daü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Intensive Pronouns (Emphatics) cuó, cue, caü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| *Reflexive Pronouns (-self) suó, sue, saü; declined like 3rd personal pronoun
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| ===Verbs===
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| Verbs in Cironean are inflected, but less rigidly so than the nouns. There is generally a tense particle, as well as a particle differentiating the subjunctive from the indicative mood. A few brief notes before listing the conjugations:
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| :Verbal nouns fulfill the function of the infinitive in Cironean.
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| :Sentence structure in Cironean is almost always VSO, although poetic syntax tends to deviate from this in certain settings.
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| :The final three tenses are considered to be "emphatics," whereas the first three are "simple." This means, e.g., that the future perfect tense is also considered the "promissory" tense, as it suggests a claim or determination to complete an action at some point in the future.
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| ====The 1st Conjugation: Roots Ending in –A, -O/-Ó, or –U + Consonant====
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| Model/Imperative: Rath, See
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| Principal Forms: Rath (Imperative); Rathran (Verbal Noun); Rathion (Analytic)
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| {| border=1
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| | Tense
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| |align=center| 1st S
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| |align=center| 2nd S
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| |align=center| 3rd S
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| |align=center| 1st Pl
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| |align=center| 2nd Pl
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| |align=center| 3rd Pl
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| |-
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| | Present (S)
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| | Root + ash
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| | Analytic + the
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| | Analytic + eó
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| | Root + oish
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| | Analytic + thech
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| |Analytic + eóth
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| |-
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| | Past (S)
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| | Root + il + ash
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| | Analytic + il + the
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| | Analytic + il + eó
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| | Root + il + oish
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| | Analytic + il + thech
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| | Analytic + il + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (S)
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Perfect (D)
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Pluperfect
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| | Root + ril + ash
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| | Analytic + ril + the
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| | Analytic + ril + eó
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| | Root + ril + oish
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| | Analytic + ril + thech
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| | Analytic + ril + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (P)
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| |}
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| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -dó- after Root and before any other phonemes
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| ====The 2nd Conjugation: Roots Ending in –E, -I, -OI, -OU + Consonant====
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| Model/Imperative: Urgin, do
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| Principal Forms: Urigin (Imperative); Urginach (Verbal Noun); Urginait (Analytic)
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| {| border=1
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| | Tense
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| |align=center| 1st S
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| |align=center| 2nd S
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| |align=center| 3rd S
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| |align=center| 1st Pl
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| |align=center| 2nd Pl
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| |align=center| 3rd Pl
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| |-
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| | Present (S)
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| | Root + esh
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| | Analytic + the
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| | Analytic + eó
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| | Root + eshol
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| | Analytic + thech
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| | Analytic + eóth
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| |-
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| | Past (S)
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| | Root + oi + esh
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| | Analytic + oi + the
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| | Analytic + oi + eó
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| | Root + oi + eshol
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| | Analytic + oi + thech
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| | Analytic + oi + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (S)
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Perfect (D)
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Pluperfect
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| | Root + coi + esh
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| | Analytic + coi + the
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| | Analytic + coi + eó
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| | Root + coi + eshol
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| | Analytic + coi + thech
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| | Analytic + coi + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (P)
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| |}
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| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -fi- after the Root and before any other phonemes
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|
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| ====The 3rd Conjugation: Roots Ending in Any Vowel====
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| Model: Vevu, go
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| Principal Forms: Vevu (Imperative); Vevuchou (Verbal Noun); Vevun (Analytic)
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|
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| {| border=1
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| | Tense
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| | 1st S
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| | 2nd S
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| | 3rd S
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| | 1st Pl
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| | 2nd Pl
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| | 3rd Pl
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| |-
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| | Present (S)
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| | Root + nosh
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| | Analytic + the
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| | Analytic + eó
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| | Root + noshol
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| | Analytic + thech
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| | Analytic + eóth
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| |-
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| | Past (S)
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| | Root + nin + osh
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| | Analytic + nin + the
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| | Analytic + nin + eó
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| | Root + nin + oshol
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| | Analytic + nin + thech
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| | Analytic + nin + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (S)
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| | Pres. CTQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Perfect (D)
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| | Past CPQ + VN
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| |-
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| | Pluperfect
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| | Root + rin + osh
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| | Analytic + rin + the
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| | Analytic + rin + eó
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| | Root + rin + oshol
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| | Analytic + rin + thech
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| | Analytic + rin + eóth
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| |-
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| | Future (P)
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| | Future CPQ + VN
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| |}
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| To form Subjunctive: Interpose -na- after the Root and before any other phonemes
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|
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| ===Adverbs===
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| Adverbs precede and modify verbs in a way similar to that adjectives use to modify substantives. There is no gender, number, or case to match, and the tense, person, mood, and voice are not mimicked. Comparison of adverbs utilizes the same prefixes as the comparison of adjectives.
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| ==Appendix I: Numerals==
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| Cironean mathematics operates within a base-10 framework. Numbers 1 to 10 are unique; numbers 11 through 99 are formed by compounding and mutation of the first ten.
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| {| border=1
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| | Numeral
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| | Cironean
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| |-
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| | 0
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| | Nachen
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| |-
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| | 1
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| | inó
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| |-
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| | 2
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| | wothó
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| |-
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| | 3
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| | cetó
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| |-
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| | 4
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| | nouró
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| |-
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| | 5
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| | linó
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| |-
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| | 6
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| | thequó
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| |-
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| | 7
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| | síbó
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| |-
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| | 8
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| | foió
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| |-
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| | 9
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| | ató
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| |-
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| | 10
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| | quenó
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| |-
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| | 11
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| | inquenó
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| |-
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| | 12
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| | woquenó
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| |-
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| | 13
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| |cequenó
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| |-
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| | 14
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| | nouquenó
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| |-
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| | 15
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| | linquenó
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| |-
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| | 16
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| | thequenó
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| |-
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| | 17
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| | shiquenó
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| |-
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| | 18
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| | foiquenó
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| |-
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| | 19
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| | atquenó
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| |-
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| | 20
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| | quewodó
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| |-
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| | 21
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| | inquewodó
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| |-
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| | 30
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| | quecetó
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| |-
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| | 40
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| | quenouró
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| |-
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| | 50
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| | quelinó
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| |-
| |
| | 60
| |
| | quethequó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 70
| |
| | queshibó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 80
| |
| | quefoió
| |
| |-
| |
| | 90
| |
| | queató
| |
| |-
| |
| | 100
| |
| | quequenó; unejó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 200
| |
| | wodó quequenori; wodunejó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1,000
| |
| | quenó quequenori; quenó unejori; yorathó
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2,000
| |
| | wodó quenori quequenori; wodó quenori unejori; woyorathó
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ==Appendix II: The Copulae==
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| ===Nanzun: The Copula of Temporary Qualities===
| |
|
| |
| Principal Parts: Nanzish; Nanzun; Nanzó, -ze, -zu
| |
|
| |
| Passive Particle: N/A
| |
| Mood Markers:
| |
| Demonstrative: -z- Imperative: -za- Subjunctive: -zó-
| |
|
| |
| {| border=1
| |
| | Tense
| |
| | 1st S
| |
| | 2nd S
| |
| | 3rd S
| |
| | 1st Pl
| |
| | 2nd Pl
| |
| | 3rd Pl
| |
| |-
| |
| | Present
| |
| | -ish
| |
| | -ith
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -ishol
| |
| | -itheg
| |
| | -in
| |
| |-
| |
| | Past
| |
| | -ash
| |
| | -ath
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -ashol
| |
| | -atheg
| |
| | -an
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future
| |
| | -esh
| |
| | -eth
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -eshol
| |
| | -etheg
| |
| | -en
| |
| |-
| |
| | Present Perfect
| |
| | -ishu
| |
| | -ithu
| |
| | -iu
| |
| | -ishul
| |
| | -ithug
| |
| | -ium
| |
| |-
| |
| | Past Perfect
| |
| | -ashu
| |
| | -athu
| |
| | -aü
| |
| | -ashul
| |
| | -athug
| |
| | -aüm
| |
| |-
| |
| | Future Perfect
| |
| | -eshu
| |
| | -ethu
| |
| | -eu
| |
| | -eshul
| |
| | -ethug
| |
| | -eüm
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Nonquon: The Copula of Permanent Qualities===
| |
|
| |
| Principal Parts: Nonquish; Nonquon; Nonquó, -que, -quu
| |
|
| |
| Passive Particle: N/A
| |
| Mood Markers:
| |
| Demonstrative: -qu- Imperative: -qua- Subjunctive: -quo-
| |
|
| |
| {| border 1
| |
| ! Tense:
| |
| |align=center| 1st S
| |
| |align=center| 2nd S
| |
| |align=center| 3rd S
| |
| |align=center| 1st Pl
| |
| |align=center| 2nd Pl
| |
| |align=center| 3rd Pl
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present
| |
| | -ish
| |
| | -ith
| |
| | -i
| |
| | -ishol
| |
| | -itheg
| |
| | -in
| |
| |-
| |
| |Past
| |
| | -ash
| |
| | -ath
| |
| | -a
| |
| | -ashol
| |
| | -atheg
| |
| | -an
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future
| |
| | -esh
| |
| | -eth
| |
| | -e
| |
| | -eshol
| |
| | -etheg
| |
| | -en
| |
| |-
| |
| |Present Perfect
| |
| | -ishu
| |
| | -ithu
| |
| | -iu
| |
| | -ishul
| |
| | -ithug
| |
| | -ium
| |
| |-
| |
| |Past Perfect
| |
| | -ashu
| |
| | -athu
| |
| | -aü
| |
| | -ashul
| |
| | -athug
| |
| | -aüm
| |
| |-
| |
| |Future Perfect
| |
| | -eshu
| |
| | -ethu
| |
| | -eu
| |
| | -eshul
| |
| | -ethug
| |
| | -eum
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |
